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Steepness and asymmetry of the largest waves in storm sea states 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Several steepness coefficients are proposed to describe the steepness and asymmetry of the largest individual waves in measured records of storm sea states. These coefficients are calculated for data collected in the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Several statistical relationships between the new parameters are identified. 相似文献
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Presently, the application of digital elevation or surface models have increasing relevance in all areas of scientific research and in practical engineering applications. The ASTER GDEM and SRTM databases are the most widely used digital surface models, due to their free accessibility and global coverage. The SRTM model was produced using a radar-based technique and the ASTER GDEM was developed using optical stereo image-pairs. Therefore, as all models contain errors (i.e. differences stemming from real surface or vertical biases), errors in these models will also differ. Our aim was to examine these vertical biases and to calculate the rate of error variance. A TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) model was used as a reference surface, derived from the contour lines of a large scale topographic map. Errors were evaluated with statistical and geoinformation techniques. We discovered significant differences between the surfaces. The mean difference between topographic elevations minus the SRTM-V2 is +2.6 ± 4 m, while the mean difference between topographic elevations minus the SRTM-V3 is +2.7 ± 2.5 m. With the GDEM, the mean difference was 2.7 ± 9.1 m. Furthermore, we found that in the case of SRTM, the differences were significant considering the aspects and the steepness of the slopes: southern and eastern directions and larger slope angles showed greater differences compared to the reference data. The GDEM V2 DEM had a larger error variance, but the error did not vary significantly with slope angle. 相似文献
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西秦岭位于青藏高原东北缘,是青藏高原晚新生代构造扩展的前缘部位。西秦岭地区发育的一系列河流水系作为高原物质向外扩展的载体,记录了高原扩展过程中的地貌演化信息。本文选取西秦岭嘉陵江上游的支流作为研究对象,以河流纵剖面的形态和陡峭指数的空间分布为基础数据,初步分析了嘉陵江上游的地貌特征及其影响因素。结果表明,嘉陵江上游地貌演化处于瞬时状态,裂点以上的低陡峭指数区域代表了残余地貌,裂点以下高陡峭指数区域是裂点响应基准面下降后形成的新地貌。通过对比区域岩性和降水条件发现,岩性和降水对河流裂点发育以及陡峭指数的影响是有限的,河流裂点的发育和陡峭指数的变化主要受控于区域构造抬升引起的基准面下降。陡峭指数的空间分布特征表明构造作用对地貌发育起了重要的塑造作用。西秦岭瞬时地貌的发育是对印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞汇聚以来的远程效应的响应。 相似文献
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汤郎-易门断裂位于青藏高原东南缘,走向近南北,按地貌特征及区域构造背景可将其划分为北段（营盘村-插甸断裂）、中段（插甸-碧城断裂）及南段（碧城-易门断裂）。针对汤郎-易门断裂构造地貌差异,利用30 m分辨率的DEM数据,基于GIS技术提取与断裂活动相关的水系,并计算其陡峭指数,结合野外考察及遥感影像讨论断裂在不同分段的活动习性与地貌特征。研究发现,区域内降水及基岩抗风化能力对亚流域陡峭指数的影响较小,认为陡峭指数能够较好地反映汤郎-易门断裂的垂直构造运动。陡峭指数显示,断裂走向呈两端高、中间低的特点,其分段性与前人划分结果具有较好一致性,所表征的基岩垂直活动性差异可作为断裂带活动分段的依据。断裂带东西侧陡峭指数在不同分段上表现出差异性,北段断裂东西侧陡峭指数显示出东、西向差异性抬升不显著,其与地貌上断裂北段表现的左旋走滑运动一致,以水平运动为主;断裂中段及南段陡峭指数在东西侧表现出东高西低的特点,显示东侧较西侧基岩抬升更快,可能以垂直差异运动为主。 相似文献
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While much of traditional fisheries theory has concentrated on maximum or optimum yield, the reality of fisheries management is that biomass yield is only one of the several indicators of fisheries performance, and desired outcomes generally only need to provide something near the maximum possible yield. A range of policies are explored to find those that produce “Pretty Good Yield” defined as sustainable yield at least 80% of the maximum sustainable yield. Such yields are generally obtained over a broad range of stock sizes (20–50% of unfished stock abundance), and this range is not sensitive to the population's basic life history parameters such as natural mortality rate, somatic growth rate, or age at maturity. The most important biological parameter determining this range is the intensity of recruitment compensation. Meta-analysis shows compensation is usually strong and there is reasonably little yield lost at what are now widely accepted definitions of overfishing or risk for most stocks. Similarly, maintaining stocks at 50% of unfished stock abundance for ecological or economic reasons results in little expected loss of yield. 相似文献
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