High-frequency monitoring of hydrological and biogeochemical fluxes in forested catchments of southern Chile     

Cristián Frêne  Juan J. Armesto  Freddy Véliz  Fernando D. Alfaro  Kathleen C. Weathers 《水文研究》2021,35(5):e14175

The variability of rainfall-dependent streamflow at catchment scale modulates many ecosystem processes in wet temperate forests. Runoff in small mountain catchments is characterized by a quick response to rainfall pulses which affects biogeochemical fluxes to all downstream systems. In wet-temperate climates, water erosion is the most important natural factor driving downstream soil and nutrient losses from upland ecosystems. Most hydrochemical studies have focused on water flux measurements at hourly scales, along with weekly or monthly samples for water chemistry. Here, we assessed how water and element flows from broad-leaved, evergreen forested catchments in southwestern South America, are influenced by different successional stages, quantifying runoff, sediment transport and nutrient fluxes during hourly rainfall events of different intensities. Hydrograph comparisons among different successional stages indicated that forested catchments differed in their responses to high intensity rainfall, with greater runoff in areas covered by secondary forests (SF), compared to old-growth forest cover (OG) and dense scrub vegetation (CH). Further, throughfall water was greatly nutrient enriched for all forest types. Suspended sediment loads varied between successional stages. SF catchments exported 455 kg of sediments per ha, followed by OG with 91 kg/ha and CH with 14 kg/ha, corresponding to 11 rainfall events measured from December 2013 to April 2014. Total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) concentrations in stream water also varied with rainfall intensity. In seven rainfall events sampled during the study period, CH catchments exported less nutrients (46 kg/ha TN and 7 kg/ha TP) than SF catchments (718 kg/ha TN and 107 kg/ha TP), while OG catchments exported intermediate sediment loads (201 kg/ha TN and 23 kg/ha TP). Further, we found significant effects of successional stage attributes (vegetation structure and soil physical properties) and catchment morphometry on runoff and sediment concentrations, and greater nutrients retention in OG and CH catchments. We conclude that in these southern hemisphere, broad-leaved evergreen temperate forests, hydrological processes are driven by multiple interacting phenomena, including climate, vegetation, soils, topography, and disturbance history.  相似文献   

Northward cooling of the Kuncha nappe and downward heating of the Lesser Himalayan autochthon distributed to the south of Mt. Annapurna,western central Nepal     

Toru Nakajima  Harutaka Sakai  Hideki Iwano  Tohru Danhara  Takafumi Hirata 《Island Arc》2020,29(1)

We investigated the tectonothermal history of the Lesser Himalayan sediments (LHS), which are tectonically overlain by the Higher Himalayan Crystalline. Fission‐track dating and the track length measurement of detrital zircons obtained from the Kuncha nappe and the Lesser Himalayan autochthonous sediments in western central Nepal revealed northward cooling of the nappe and possible downward heating of the autochthon by the overlying hot nappe. Nine zircon fission‐track (ZFT) ages of the nappe showed northward‐younging linear distribution from 11.6 Ma in the front at Tamghas, 6 Ma in the central at Naudanda, and 1.6 Ma in the northernmost point at Tatopani. Thermochronological invert calculation of the ZFT length elucidated that the Kuncha nappe gradually cooled down (30 °C/Myr) at the front and rapidly cooled down (120 °C/Myr) at the root zone. In contrast, the ZFT age of the Chappani Formation, located just beneath the Kuncha nappe in the central part, demonstrated a totally reset age of 6.8 Ma, whereas the Virkot Formation, structurally far from the nappe, yielded a partially reset age of 457.3 Ma. This suggests that the LHS underwent downward heating, resulting in a thermal print on the upper part of the LHS; however, the thermal effect was not sufficient to anneal ZFT totally in the deeper part. Presently, the nappe cover is eroded and denuded from this area. Detrital zircons from the Chappani Formation in Tansen area to the south of the Bari Gad Fault did not show any evidence of annealing, suggesting that nappe never covered the LHS distributed to the south of the fault.  相似文献   

Experimental study on a sampling technique based on a freeze-sediments valve for deep-sea microorganism     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

Deep-sea microorganism research has become a hot topic in life science, owing to its special value in high pressure and low temperature environment. If not kept the in-situ low temperature and high pressure, it will cause the microorganism to lose its activity and lead to a waste of resources. A freeze-sediments valve presents a promising solution to maintain the low temperature and high pressure in situ, improve the success rate of sampling and shorten the sampling time. A series of experiments were conducted to characterize the freeze-sediments valve, including the sampling time without leakage, adaptation to different sediments and the effect of the length, etc. Most important of all, temperature change of sediments is observed in all experiments. Experimental results indicated that the freeze-sediments valve was formed in 5 min without leakage and the freeze-sediments valve could be applied to different sediments without limitations on sediments type and mineral content. Considering the pressure retaining capacity and formation time of freeze-sediments valve, it was found that the freeze-sediments valve with a length of 60–80 mm has good pressure retaining capacity whose value was 41.3–48.4 Mpa and short formation time which was 5 min. Precooling the sampler could be used to shorten the sampling time in the actual environment application. This sampling technique can play a vital role in maintaining in-situ low temperature at −2 to −4 ° Celsius in all the experiments. According to the tests, the sampling technique based on the freeze-sediments valve had the potential to solve the problem of keeping in-situ temperature, low sampling success rate and long sampling time in the future.  相似文献   

刘家峡水库西南部水域表层沉积物重金属污染评价   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘翔  郭建明  樊海龙  张生银  张顺存  雷天柱  王建丰 《沉积与特提斯地质》2020,40(4):1-10

为了研究刘家峡水库西南部水域表层沉积物中重金属的污染状况，对采集的55个表层沉积物样品中的6种重金属元素Cr、Cd、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb的含量进行测试，其平均含量分别为77.03μg/g、0.16μg/g、33.53μg/g、32.09μg/g、291.77μg/g、22.44μg/g。在研究表层沉积物重金属含量空间分布的基础上，运用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法，综合判断水库的受污染程度并对其潜在生态风险进行评估。6种元素的地累积指数排序依次为：Zn > Cu > Cd > Ni > Pb > Cr；潜在生态风险系数排序依次为：Cd > Cu > Pb > Zn > Ni > Cr；各区域重金属污染程度或潜在生态风险水平依次为黄河主河道 > 大夏河河口 > 黄河横剖面。综合4种方法的评价结果，认为对刘家峡水库西南部表层沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价贡献率较高的重金属污染因子是Zn、Cu和Cd；综合相关性分析与主成分分析，认为研究区沉积物重金属污染主要来源于两个方面：（1） Zn、Cu主要来源于生活污染或工业污染；（2） Cd主要来源于工农业活动产生的污染。  相似文献   

中蒙边界地区汇水域沉积物69种元素的背景值     

刘汉粮  聂兰仕  SHOJIN Davaa  王学求  迟清华 《地学前缘》2020,27(3):202-221

中蒙边界地区成矿地质条件优越,是世界上重要的金属成矿省和全球3大斑岩型铜(金、钼)成矿带之一,资源潜力巨大。中蒙合作1∶100万地球化学填图采集了海量的地球化学数据,为研究该地区元素分散富集、成矿趋势、资源评价和环境变化提供基础数据,为“一带一路”资源布局提供决策依据。以X±3S为临界值一次性剔除离群值后的数据集的中位值作为背景值的估计值,计算了中蒙边界地区12个Ⅱ级构造单元和5个Ⅱ级成矿省的汇水域沉积物69种元素背景值,探讨了中蒙边界地区汇水域沉积物69种元素背景值的区域分布规律和特征。研究表明不同的地质背景导致元素的地球化学分布模式不同,不同构造单元具有显著差异的元素地球化学特征,元素的海量聚集为大型矿床的形成提供了充足的元素供给,形成特定的地球化学省。这些背景值为进一步深入开发利用中蒙边界地球化学填图数据提供了可供对比的基础数据。  相似文献   

白洋淀表层沉积物中有机氯农药和全多氯联苯的分布特征及风险评估     

许妍  陈佳枫  徐磊  刘雨薇  谢立莹  王之卓  金苗  陈宇炜 《湖泊科学》2020,32(3):654-664

为了解白洋淀表层沉积物中有机氯农药(OCPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的污染情况,采用改进的GC-μECD方法对白洋淀11处沉积物进行了20种OCPs和全部209种PCB单体的定量检测和分析.结果显示:白洋淀11个沉积物样品共检出10种OCPs和24种PCBs,∑OCPs和∑PCBs的含量范围分别为1.22～52.45 ng/g(DW)和nd～37.61 ng/g,在国内处于中等水平; OCPs组成中以HCHs和Dieldrin(狄氏剂)为主,分别占到∑OCPs的39.9%和31.5%,其中7个采样点的HCHs以林丹输入为主,4个采样点以工业六六六污染为主.DDTs检出率较低,来源主要为历史残留;检出的PCB单体以低氯联苯为主,其中一氯、二氯和三氯联苯占∑PCBs的64.73%;采用沉积物质量标准法进行生态风险评估,结果表明白洋淀地区沉积物中p,p'-DDD和∑PCBs生态风险较低,Dieldrin生态风险尚需关注,γ-HCH生态风险较高,不容忽视.  相似文献   

Numerical prediction on the scour burial of cylinder object freely resting on the sandy seabed in the East China Sea using the DRAMBUIE model     

Chong-guang PANG  Li-qian LIU  Kun LI 《国际泥沙研究》2014,29(4):509-517

After experiencing 8-day combined tidal current, circulation and wave actions, scour depth surrounding cylinder object freely resting on sandy seabed in the East China Sea （ECS） in January is numerically predicted using the DRAMBUIE model designed for scour burial, which has been widely used and verified by in-situ experiments. During the period of numerical integration, the value of time t is generally variable at every time step via the special time-stepped approach developed by this paper to eliminate the time error. The tidal current velocity, wave orbital velocity and the depth-averaged circulation in the ECS have been obtained by numerical simulations with Estuarine Coastal and Ocean Model （ECOM）, Simulating Waves Nearshore （SWAN） model and Regional Ocean Modeling System （ROMS） model respectively. The control experiment and several idealized test cases on influential factors in scour depth reveal that the dominant hydrodynamic factor is tidal current in the ECS under normal weather conditions, and the impacts of shelf circulation and wave motion on local scour almost can be ignored with an exception of the Kuroshio area where the high-speed mainstream of Kuroshio flows. It is also indicated that in sandy sediments, the distribution of scour depth nearly follows the pattern of tidal currents, while the secondary influencing factor on scour depth appears to be grain size of sandy sediment in the ECS. Numerical tests on sediment grain size further testify that much finer sand is more easily scoured, and an increasing trend for scour depth with reduction of grain size is displayed due to imposed resistance of larger sized particles. Three aspects explored by this paper, including the empirical equations in the Defense Research Agency Mine Burial Environment （DRAMBUIE） model, the accuracy of inputs and infill process can severely affect the prediction of scour depth surrounding cylinder objects freely resting on sandy seabed in the ECS.  相似文献   

Distribution and source of heavy metals in the surface sediments from the near-shore area,north Jiangsu Province,China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Gang Xu  Jian Liu  Shaofeng Pei  Xianghuai Kong  Gang Hu 《Marine pollution bulletin》2014

Samples of surface sediment and vibrocore were collected in the near-shore area of north Jiangsu Province for grain size, elements, ²¹⁰Pb_excess and ¹³⁷Cs analyses. In our study area, the diversity of metal concentration was controlled not by the grain size, but by the source. The element content of the old Yellow River Delta was used as baseline for our study area. Geoaccumulation indexes indicate that no station was polluted by Cu, Pb, Zn and As, but the I_geo values of As were close to zero in some stations. Slight pollution caused by Cd was observed in some stations. Correlation and enrichment factors suggest that Cu, Pb and Zn are lithogenic in origin, while As and Cd are mixed in origin. Especially, in some polluted stations Cd was obviously anthropogenic in origin.  相似文献   

巢湖杭埠河流域湖相沉积物多指标揭示的全新世以来环境演变     

周慧  吴立  马春梅  管后春  孙小玲  路曙光  尚广春  汪勇  徐仪红  徐军  陈晔  鲍远航 《湖泊科学》2020,32(6):1869-1881

在巢湖杭埠河流域中的古湖盆中心——三河圩区获取28.6 m长的湖相岩芯（SZK1507孔），利用AMS¹⁴C测年技术建立可靠的地层年代序列，通过对SZK1507孔738 cm以上段湖相沉积物平均粒径、磁化率、总氮（TN）、总有机碳（TOC）及C/N的综合分析，高分辨率重建了巢湖杭埠河流域全新世以来的古环境演变过程.结果表明，本区域的环境变化过程可以分为4个阶段，阶段Ⅰ（约10050—9700 cal.a B.P.）与阶段Ⅲ（约9250—5300 cal.a B.P.）气候较为湿润，巢湖水位较高，平均粒径、磁化率值较低，TN、TOC、C/N也偏低；阶段Ⅱ（约9700—9250 cal.a B.P.）与阶段Ⅳ（约5300 cal.a B.P.以来）气候干燥，巢湖水量减少，水位降低，平均粒径、磁化率值、TN、TOC、C/N均较高.一些全球范围内显著发生的气候突变事件在SZK1507孔沉积记录中也有体现，如9.3、8.2和4.2 ka B.P.事件等.将巢湖杭埠河流域10000 cal.a B.P.以来的平均粒径、磁化率、TN、TOC、C/N沉积记录与全新世以来的北纬30°夏季太阳辐射量、太阳黑子数、火山喷发对大气中硫酸盐含量贡献率等进行对比，发现巢湖杭埠河流域全新世气候突变事件主要受控于北半球夏季太阳辐射量变化、太阳活动以及火山活动等因素，并与它们之间复杂的响应机制有关.  相似文献   

不同海域沉积物对尿素吸附的实验模拟研究     

薛峤娜  胡博  谭丽菊  王江涛 《海洋学报》2018,40(10):190-199

本文对采自渤海、黄海和东海3个典型海域的沉积物进行了尿素吸附/解吸的实验室模拟研究，用Freundlich吸附模型和Henry吸附模型分析了不同沉积物对尿素吸附的热力学特性，并研究了温度、沉积物粒径、有机质含量等因素对尿素在沉积物表面吸附的影响。结果表明，沉积物对尿素的吸附/解吸过程总体呈现3个阶段:快速吸附阶段（0~5 h）—慢速吸附阶段（5~12 h）—平衡阶段（12 h之后）。当水体中的尿素浓度较低时，沉积物解吸释放尿素，随着上覆水中尿素浓度逐渐增加，沉积物对上覆水中的尿素产生吸附行为，各海区沉积物对尿素的吸附能力由强至弱依次为渤海、东海、黄海，这可能与沉积物的类型有关。Freundlich方程和Henry方程均可模拟沉积物对尿素的吸附，温度、粒径以及沉积物中有机质含量等因素均对尿素在沉积物上的吸附产生影响，随着温度升高，尿素在沉积物上的吸附量变小，沉积物粒径越小，有机质含量越高，吸附尿素的能力越强，因此，揭示尿素在沉积物表面的环境行为时，必须考虑以上因素的影响。  相似文献