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Giora J. Kidron 《水文研究》2016,30(13):2237-2246
Mainly attributed to goat and sheep trampling, the sand dunes at the Israeli and the Egyptian sides of the border present contrasting geomorphological conditions. In an attempt to assess the trampling effect upon vegetation, runoff and sediment yield, two pairs of plots and miniplots (each pair contains a trampled plot and a control) were constructed during 1991 and monitored during 1991–1995. In order to assess the impact on vegetation, three pairs of vegetation plots, subjected to light, medium and heavy trampling, were established during 1993 and monitored. In addition, the effect of the micro structures created by the goat hooves (mounds and depressions) were studied in three pairs of plots subjected to medium trampling during 1993 and monitored during 1993–1996. As far as trampling intensity is concerned, the findings indicate an increase in species diversity, density and biomass from the intact crusted surface to the plots subjected to light and medium trampling with a decrease thereafter at the plots subjected to heavy trampling. As for the micro scale, the findings indicate significantly higher plant biomass for the first 2 years at the hooves‐formed mini mounds and mini depressions in comparison to intact crusted surfaces, with no significant difference during the third year. Significantly lower runoff and sediment yields characterized the trampled plots implying a reduction in water redistribution. The data point to the differential effect that trampling has upon plants and soil. While increasing annual plant growth along the slope, it hinders runoff flow to the footslope, negatively affecting water availability for footslope vegetation. Recovery, as also supported by chlorophyll and microrelief measurements, was scale dependent (attributed to differential supply of aeolian sand) with estimated recovery for the plots and miniplots being 4–5 and 8–10 years, respectively. The data indicate that upon the cessation of grazing and under similar precipitation regime, recovery time of the biocrust in the Sinai sand dunes may be short, within 5–6 years. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Javier Blanco-Sacristán Cinzia Panigada Rodolfo Gentili Giulia Tagliabue Roberto Garzonio M. Pilar Martín Mónica Ladrón de Guevara Roberto Colombo Thomas P. F. Dowling Micol Rossini 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(12):2466-2484
Biocrusts (topsoil communities formed by mosses, lichens, bacteria, fungi, algae, and cyanobacteria) are a key biotic component of dryland ecosystems. Whilst climate patterns control the distribution of biocrusts in drylands worldwide, terrain and soil attributes can influence biocrust distribution at landscape scale. Multi-source unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery was used to map and study biocrust ecology in a typical dryland ecosystem in central Spain. Red, green and blue (RGB) imagery was processed using structure-from-motion techniques to map terrain attributes related to microclimate and terrain stability. Multispectral imagery was used to produce accurate maps (accuracy > 80%) of dryland ecosystem components (vegetation, bare soil and biocrust composition). Finally, thermal infrared (TIR) and multispectral imagery was used to calculate the apparent thermal inertia (ATI) of soil and to evaluate how ATI was related to soil moisture (r2 = 0.83). The relationship between soil properties and UAV-derived variables was first evaluated at the field plot level. Then, the maps obtained were used to explore the relationship between biocrusts and terrain attributes at ecosystem level through a redundancy analysis. The most significant variables that explain biocrust distribution are: ATI (34.4% of variance, F = 130.75; p < 0.001), Elevation (25.8%, F = 97.6; p < 0.001), and potential solar incoming radiation (PSIR) (52.9%, F = 200.1; p < 0.001). Differences were found between areas dominated by lichens and mosses. Lichen-dominated biocrusts were associated with areas with high slopes and low values of ATI, with soil characterized by a higher amount of soluble salts, and lower amount of organic carbon, total phosphorus (Ptot) and total nitrogen (Ntot). Biocrust-forming mosses dominated lower and moister areas, characterized by gentler slopes and higher values of ATI with soils with higher contents of organic carbon, Ptot and Ntot. This study shows the potential to use UAVs to improve our understanding of drylands and to evaluate the control that the terrain has on biocrust distribution. 相似文献
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生物结皮显著影响土壤微生物数量和群落组成。干扰是自然界常见现象，可引起生物结皮盖度及组分发生改变，进而导致生物结皮土壤微生物群落结构的变化。以发育8年的生物结皮为研究对象，采用平板培养法，研究了干扰下生物结皮层和其下0~2 cm土壤微生物数量的动态变化。结果表明：（1）干扰第2天不同菌种均有响应。生物结皮层土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量波动范围分别为91.2×105~303.5×105 cfu·g-1，0~487.2×103 cfu·g-1和23.0×105~376.1×105 cfu·g-1；下层0~2 cm波动范围分别为65.6×105~792.3×105 cfu·g-1，8.0×103~506.3×103 cfu·g-1和17.3×105~801.3×105 cfu·g-1。（2）生物结皮层和下层0~2 cm土壤细菌数量分别在干扰后第10天和第7天恢复稳定，真菌数量在第16天和第8天趋于平稳，放线菌数量在第8天和第4天恢复稳定。生物结皮层较0~2 cm土壤微生物数量恢复稳定滞后。（3）重新稳定后生物结皮层和下层0~2 cm细菌数量较干扰前分别下降了81.8%和79.6%.生物结皮层真菌数量显著增加，是干扰前的7.43倍；下层0~2 cm真菌数量下降了70.1%。生物结皮层和下层0~2 cm放线菌数量较干扰前分别降低46.5%和72.6%。（4）干扰显著改变土壤微生物群落结构，受影响程度细菌 > 放线菌 > 真菌变为放线菌 > 细菌 > 真菌。干扰可显著影响土壤微生物数量，但是随着时间延长微生物数量又会达到一个新的稳态，在研究微生物对干扰响应时，采样时间是研究结果的一个重要影响因素。 相似文献
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土壤微生物量可敏感指示土壤质量，是衡量荒漠地区生态恢复程度的重要生物学指标，而有关荒漠区人为踩踏生物土壤结皮与土壤微生物量关系的研究相对缺乏。以腾格里沙漠东南缘的人工植被固沙区和天然植被区人为踩踏生物土壤结皮下的沙丘土壤为研究对象，分别采集未踩踏、中度踩踏和重度踩踏结皮下0~5 cm和5~15 cm土样并测定土壤微生物量碳和氮。结果表明：人为踩踏藻-地衣结皮和藓类结皮可减少生物土壤结皮下土壤微生物量碳和氮，且土壤微生物量碳和氮随踩踏程度的增加而减少，重度踩踏显著减少土壤微生物量碳和氮（P<0.05），土壤速效磷、速效氮、全磷和全氮的损失是导致土壤微生物量碳和氮减少的重要因子。除踩踏程度外，土壤微生物量碳和氮也受结皮演替阶段的影响。人为踩踏的藓类结皮下土壤微生物量碳和氮显著高于藻-地衣结皮（P<0.05），表明演替晚期的藓类结皮比演替早期的藻-地衣结皮抗干扰能力更强；无论季节如何更替，土壤微生物量碳和氮均表现为未踩踏 > 中度踩踏 > 重度踩踏；人为踩踏结皮下土壤微生物量碳和氮均表现明显的季节变化，夏季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 冬季。腾格里沙漠人工植被固沙区和天然植被区人为踩踏生物土壤结皮可减少土壤微生物量，表明人为踩踏生物土壤结皮可引起土壤质量下降，导致荒漠生态系统的退化。因此，保护荒漠区生物土壤结皮有利于荒漠生态系统的修复。 相似文献
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为探明荒漠区土壤食细菌线虫与生物土壤结皮下土壤微生物量的关系,以腾格里沙漠东南缘的人工植被固沙区生物土壤结皮覆盖的沙丘土壤为研究对象,采集藻-地衣结皮和藓类结皮下0—10 cm土样,并以每克土壤15、30、45、60、90、120、150条的食细菌线虫密度接种,以未接种线虫的土样为对照,经一段时间的培养后测定接种和未接种食细菌线虫土壤的微生物量碳和氮。结果表明：无论藻-地衣结皮还是藓类结皮下的土壤,每克土壤90条以内的土壤食细菌线虫均可显著提高土壤微生物量碳和氮（P<0.05）,但随着土壤食细菌线虫的繁殖或过量接种,其与土壤微生物量之间呈现出由正相关性向负相关性的转变;此外,结皮类型也显著影响土壤微生物量碳和氮的含量（P<0.05）,发育晚期的藓类结皮下土壤微生物量碳和氮均高于发育早期的藻-地衣结皮。因此,在腾格里沙漠人工植被固沙区藻-地衣结皮和藓类结皮下,一定密度的土壤食细菌线虫能显著提高土壤微生物量,指示适当密度的土壤食细菌线虫可促进荒漠区土壤修复和改良。 相似文献
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生物结皮在土壤养分累积和循环中起着重要作用。土壤酶活性能敏感地指示土壤的恢复程度,是衡量沙区生态恢复与健康的重要生物学指标。采用时空互代法,以毛乌素沙地不同演替阶段生物结皮（藻结皮、混生结皮和藓结皮）为研究对象,通过测定生物结皮及下层土壤的物理化学性质和酶活性,探讨不同演替阶段的生物结皮对土壤酶活性和碳氮磷化学计量特征的影响。结果表明：生物结皮的进展演替可显著提高结皮层脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性（P<0.05）;结皮类型显著影响酶活性,藓结皮下层土壤的酶活性最高（P<0.05）;3类生物结皮间有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）、C/N、C/P、N/P差异显著;生物结皮层SOC、TN、TP、C/N、C/P、N/P均显著高于下层土壤。环境因子对生物结皮及下层土壤酶活性变异影响大小排序为TN>速效钾（AK）>SWC>TP>C/P>SOC>碱解氮（AN）>pH>容重（BD）>速效磷（AP）,影响酶活性的主导因子是TN、TP、AK。碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性与SOC、TN、AN、C/P、N/P正相关,而脲酶和蔗糖酶与AK、TP、AP正相关。但pH、BD、Por与这4类酶活性均负相关。生物结皮的进展演替可促进结皮层及下层土壤的理化性质及酶活性的提升,但对结皮层的提升显著高于下层土壤。 相似文献
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Harboring polyextremotolerant microbial topsoil communities, biological soil crusts(biocrusts) occur across various climatic zones, and have been well studied in the terrestrial drylands. However, little is known about the functional metabolic potential of microbial communities involved in the biogeochemical processes during the early succession of biocrusts on the tropical reef islands. We collected 26 biocrusts and bare soil samples from the Xisha Islands and Nansha Islands, and applied a functional gene array(GeoChip 5.0) to reveal nitrogen(N)cycling processes involved in these samples. Both physicochemical measurement and enzyme activity assay were utilized to characterize the soil properties. Results revealed the composition of N-cycling functional genes in biocrusts was distinct from that in bare soil. Additionally, microorganisms in biocrusts showed lower functional potential related to ammonification, denitrification, N assimilation, nitrification, N fixation, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium compared to bare soils. Although the abundance of nifH gene was lower in biocrusts, nitrogenase activity was significantly higher compared to that in bare soils. Precipitation, soil physicochemical properties(i.e., soil available copper, soil ammonia N and pH) and soil biological properties(i.e., β-glucosidase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolase, alkaline protease, urease, alkaline phosphatase, catalase and chlorophyll a) correlated to the N-cycling functional genes structure. Nitrate N and ammonia N were more abundant in biocrusts than bare soil, while pH value was higher in bare soil. Our results suggested biocrusts play an important role in N-cycling in coral sand soil, and will be helpful in understanding the development and ecological functions of biocrusts on tropical reef islands. 相似文献
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土壤酶活性是衡量荒漠区生态恢复程度的重要生物学指标。为揭示人为踩踏生物土壤结皮对土壤质量的影响，分别采集腾格里沙漠植被固沙区未踩踏、中度踩踏和重度踩踏结皮下0~5 cm和5~15 cm土样并测定土壤脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶和蛋白酶的活性，通过土壤酶活性反映人为踩踏对荒漠区土壤质量的影响。结果表明：人为踩踏藻-地衣和藓类结皮可导致土壤脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶和蛋白酶活性的降低，且这些土壤酶活性与踩踏程度呈线性负相关。除踩踏程度外，土壤酶活性也受结皮发育阶段和土壤深度的影响；人为踩踏的藓类结皮下6种土壤酶的活性显著高于踩踏藻-地衣结皮（P<0.05），表明演替晚期的藓类结皮比早期的藻-地衣结皮具有更强的抗踩踏干扰能力；踩踏生物土壤结皮下0~5 cm土层的土壤酶活性显著高于5~15 cm土层（P<0.05）。此外，无论季节更替，土壤酶活性均表现为未踩踏>中度踩踏>重度踩踏，且踩踏或未踩踏结皮下土壤酶活性均表现明显的季节变化，夏季最高、秋季次之、春季再次之、冬季最低。腾格里沙漠人工植被区和天然植被区人为踩踏生物土壤结皮可降低土壤酶活性，表明踩踏生物土壤结皮可导致土壤质量下降和荒漠生态系统的退化。保护荒漠区的生物土壤结皮将有利于该区土壤及荒漠生态系统的恢复。 相似文献
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Surface hydrological behaviour is important in drylands because it affects the distribution of soil moisture and vegetation and the hydrological functioning of slopes and catchments. Microplot scale run‐off can be relatively easily measured, i.e. by rainfall simulations. However, slope or catchment run‐off cannot be deduced from microplots, requiring long‐time monitoring, because run‐off coefficients decrease with increasing drainage area. Therefore, to determine the slope length covered by run‐off (run‐off length) is crucial to connect scales. Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are good model systems, and their hydrology at slope scale is insufficiently known. This study provides run‐off lengths from BSCs, by field factorial experiments using rainfall simulation, including two BSC types, three rain types, three antecedent soil moistures and four plot lengths. Data were analysed by generalized linear modelling, including vascular plant cover as covariates. Results were the following: (i) the real contributing area is almost always much smaller than the topographical contributing area; (ii) the BSC type is key to controlling run‐off; run‐off length reached 3 m on cyanobacterial crust, but hardly over 1 m on lichen crust; this pattern remained through rain type or soil moisture; (iii) run‐off decreased with BSC development because soil sealing disappears; porosity, biomass and roughness increase and some changes occur in the uppermost soil layer; and (iv) run‐off flow increased with both rain type and soil moisture but run‐off coefficient only with soil moisture (as larger rains increased both run‐off and infiltration); vascular plant cover had a slight effect on run‐off because it was low and random. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献