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European floods during the winter 1783/1784: scenarios of an extreme event during the ‘Little Ice Age’ |
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| Authors: | Rudolf Brázdil Gaston R Demarée Mathias Deutsch Emmanuel Garnier Andrea Kiss Jürg Luterbacher Neil Macdonald Christian Rohr Petr Dobrovolný Petr Kolá? Kate?ina Chromá |
| Institution: | 1. Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Kotlá?ská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic 2. Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, 1180, Brussels, Belgium 3. Saxonian Academy of Sciences in Leipzig, Karl-Tauchnitz-Stra?e 1, 04107, Leipzig, Germany 4. Laboratory of the Sciences of the Climate and the Environment (UMR CEA-CNRS), CE Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, F-91 191 Gif-sur-Yvette and UMR-CNRS CRHQ, University of Caen, Caen, France 5. Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics, University of Szeged, Egyetem u. 2, 6722, Szeged, Hungary 6. Department of Geography, Justus-Liebig University, Senckenbergstrasse 1, 35390, Giessen, Germany 7. Department of Geography, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZT, UK 8. Department of History, University of Salzburg, Rudolfskai 42, 5020, Salzburg, Austria |
| Abstract: | The Lakagígar eruption in Iceland during 1783 was followed by the severe winter of 1783/1784, which was characterised by low temperatures, frozen soils, ice-bound watercourses and high rates of snow accumulation across much of Europe. Sudden warming coupled with rainfall led to rapid snowmelt, resulting in a series of flooding phases across much of Europe. The first phase of flooding occurred in late December 1783–early January 1784 in England, France, the Low Countries and historical Hungary. The second phase at the turn of February–March 1784 was of greater extent, generated by the melting of an unusually large accumulation of snow and river ice, affecting catchments across France and Central Europe (where it is still considered as one of the most disastrous known floods), throughout the Danube catchment and in southeast Central Europe. The third and final phase of flooding occurred mainly in historical Hungary during late March and early April 1784. The different impacts and consequences of the above floods on both local and regional scales were reflected in the economic and societal responses, material damage and human losses. The winter of 1783/1784 can be considered as typical, if severe, for the Little Ice Age period across much of Europe. |
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