Between beds and sequences: stratigraphic organization at intermediate scales in the Quaternary of the Virginia coast, USA |
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| Authors: | Donald J P Swift Brian S Parsons† Anthony Foyle‡ George F Oertel |
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| Institution: | Department of Ocean, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA (E-mail: );Marine Geosciences Division, Marine Physics Branch, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW, Bldg 54 Code 7420, Washington, DC 20375, USA;School of Science, Pennsylvania State University at Erie –The Behrend College, Station Road, Erie, PA 16563-0203, USA |
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| Abstract: | ABSTRACT Stratigraphy presupposes a hierarchy of scales of spatial organization supplemented at the small‐scale end by sedimentological concepts (beds, bed sets and bed cosets) and, at larger spatial scales, by sequence‐stratigraphic concepts (systems tracts, parasequences, sequences). Between these two end‐members are intermediate‐scale bodies described as ‘lithofacies’, or simply ‘facies’. A more restricted concept, granulometric facies, can be described in terms of horizontal grain‐size gradients (‘facies change’) and cyclic vertical grain‐size gradients (‘stratification’). Assemblages of facies so defined (also called depositional systems) are not random, but occur in a limited suite of patterns. Such assemblages may be linked to two classes of bounding surfaces, a source diastem (the immediate source of the sediment) and a surface of closure (if preserved), between which is sandwiched a transgressive or regressive, basinward‐fining facies succession. Systems‐bounding surfaces are notably more continuous than internal (gradational) facies boundaries. By thus restricting the definition of a facies assemblage (depositional system), it is possible to describe the Quaternary of the Virginia coast with as few as 12 systems. Depositional systems in the Quaternary of the Virginia coast are allometric, in that any system can be derived from any other by plastic expansion of one or more facies relative to another, or by simple symmetry operations. Self‐similarity prevails across this intermediate scale of stratigraphic organization. Facies assemblages (depositional systems) consist of event beds, which themselves have erosional basal boundaries and internal successions of microfacies. At larger spatial scales, depositional systems are repeated, either autocyclic repetitions forced by processes within the basin of deposition or allocyclic repetitions, as ‘parasequences’ and high‐frequency sequences. In the Virginia Quaternary, systems architecture is compatible with sequence architecture and nests conformably within its framework, but analysis of systems architecture reveals rules beyond those governing sequence architecture. |
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| Keywords: | Depositional systems facies facies models lithofacies Quaternary stratigraphy Virginia |
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