Functional traits of two co-occurring sea urchins across a barren/forest patch system |
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| Institution: | 1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 22‐90123 Palermo, Italy;2. CNR-IAMC, Sede di Castellammare del Golfo, Via G. da Verrazzano 17, 91014 Castellammare del Golfo (TP), Italy;1. ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal;2. CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal;3. SenseTest, Sociedade de Estudos de Análise Sensorial a Produtos Alimentares, Rua Zeferino Costa, 341, 4400-345, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal;4. GreenUPorto/DCeT, Universidade Aberta, Porto, Portugal;5. GreenUPorto, DGAOT, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua da Agrária, 747, Vairão, 4485-646, Vila do Conde, Portugal;1. National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Invertebrate Aquaculture Laboratory, Alexandria, Egypt;2. Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt;1. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Florianópolis–SC, 88010-970, Brazil;2. IRD-UMR 250 Entropie-Labex Corail, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, 66000, France;3. Instituto Coral Vivo, Arraial d’Ajuda, Porto Seguro, Brazil;1. Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy;2. Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal;3. Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Universidad de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain |
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| Abstract: | Temperate rocky reefs may occur in two alternative states (coralline barrens and erect algal forests), whose formation and maintenance are often determined by sea urchin grazing. The two sea urchin species Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula are considered to play a similar ecological role despite their differing morphological traits and diets. The patchy mosaic areas of Ustica Island, Italy, offer an ideal environment in which to study differences in the performance of P. lividus and A. lixula in barren versus forest states. Results show that the two sea urchin species differ in diet, trophic position, grazing adaptation, movement ability and fitness in both barren and forest patches. We confirmed herbivory in P. lividus and omnivory with a strong tendency to carnivory in A. lixula. When the sea urchin escape response to a predator was triggered, P. lividus responded faster in barren and forest patches. Forest patch restricted movement, especially in A. lixula (velocity in barren ≈ 10-fold greater than in forest). A large Aristotle's lantern, indicative of durophagy, confirmed adaptation of A. lixula to barren state. |
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