Foraging ecology and movement patterns of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) in the California Current System |
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| Institution: | 1. Fisheries Ecology Division, SWFSC/NMFS/NOAA, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA;2. Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA;3. Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, Canada BC V9T 6N7;4. Protected Resources Division, SWFSC/NMFS/NOAA, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;5. Humboldt State University, Eureka, CA 95521, USA;6. National Marine Mammal Laboratory, AFSC/NMFS/NOAA, Seattle, WA 98115, USA;1. Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Science, Department of Biology, Mersin, Turkey;2. Institut de recherche pour le développement, Montpellier, France;3. Ankara University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara, Turkey;4. Namik Kemal University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Tekirda?, Turkey;5. TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey;6. Middle East Technical University, Department of Biology, Ankara, Turkey;1. College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA;2. Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Palma de Mallorca 07015, Spain;3. Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Science Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;4. Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA;5. College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Kodiak, AK 99615, USA;1. NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Sustainable Fisheries Division, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL 33149-1099, USA;2. Instituto Español de Oceanografía (Centro de Tenerife), Spain;3. Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Biological Station, 531 Brandy Cove Road, St. Andrews, N.B., Canada E5B L9;4. Instituto Español de Oceanografía, P.O. Box 130, 15080A Coruña, Spain;5. ICCAT Secretariat, Calle Corazón de Maria 8, 28002 Madrid, Spain;6. IPMA, Instituto Portuges do Mar e da Atmosfera, Avenida 5 de Outubro s/n, 8700-305 Olhão, Portugal;1. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 110 McAllister Rd., Santa Cruz, CA 95060, United States;2. Ocean Associates Inc. under contract with National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Jolla, CA 92037-1508, United States;3. California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Marine Region, 20 Lower Ragsdale Dr., Monterey, CA 93940, United States;1. Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia;2. Earth to Ocean Research Group, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6;1. National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ward, Yokohama-city, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan;2. Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 3173-25, Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ward, Yokohama-city, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan;3. National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ward, Yokohama-city, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan;4. School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, 3-20-1 Orido, Shimizu-ward, Shizuoka-city, Shizuoka 424-8610, Japan;5. Hachinohe Station, Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, 25-259, Shimomekurakubo, Same, Hachinohe, Aomori 031-0841, Japan;6. National Fisheries University, 2-7-1 Nagata-Honmachi, Shimonoseki-city, 759-6595, Japan |
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| Abstract: | From 2002 to 2010, the jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) has been regularly encountered in large numbers throughout the California Current System (CCS). This species, usually found in subtropical waters, could affect coastal pelagic ecosystems and fisheries as both predator and prey. Neither the abundance of jumbo squid nor the optimal ocean conditions in which they flourish are well known. To understand better the potential impacts of this species on both commercial fisheries and on food-web structure we collected nearly 900 specimens from waters of the CCS, covering over 20° of latitude, over a range of depths and seasons. We used demographic information (size, sex, and maturity state) and analyzed stomach contents using morphological and molecular methods to best understand the foraging ecology of this species in different habitats of the CCS. Squid were found to consume a broad array of prey. Prey in offshore waters generally reflected the forage base reported in previous studies (mainly mesopelagic fishes and squids), whereas in more coastal waters (shelf, shelf break and slope habitats) squid foraged on a much broader mix that included substantial numbers of coastal pelagic fishes (Pacific herring and northern anchovy, as well as osmerids and salmonids in northern waters) and groundfish (Pacific hake, several species of rockfish and flatfish). We propose a seasonal movement pattern, based on size and maturity distributions along with qualitative patterns of presence or absence, and discuss the relevance of both the movement and distribution of jumbo squid over space and time. We find that jumbo squid are a generalist predator, which feeds primarily on small, pelagic or mesopelagic micronekton but also on larger fishes when they are available. We also conclude that interactions with and potential impacts on ecosystems likely vary over space and time, in response to both seasonal movement patterns and highly variable year-to-year abundance of the squid themselves. |
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