Additions to the sauropod dinosaur fauna of the Cenomanian (early Late Cretaceous) Kem Kem beds of Morocco: Palaeobiogeographical implications of the mid-Cretaceous African sauropod fossil record |
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| Institution: | 1. Saurierwelt Paläontologisches Museum, Alte Richt 7, D-92318 Neumarkt, Germany;2. Laboratory of Stratigraphy of Oil and Gas Bearing Reservoirs, Department of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technologies, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia;3. Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, ul. Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Poland;4. Stowarzyszenie “Delta”, ul. Sandomierska 4, 27-400 Ostrowiec ?w., Poland;5. Laboratory of Geodynamic and Geomatic, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaïb Doukkali University, B.P. 20, El Jadida MA-24000, Morocco;6. Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Rheinische Friedrichs-Wilhelm Universität Bonn, Nußallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany;7. Laboratory of Sedimentary Basins Dynamic and Geological Correlations, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences Ben M''sik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P. 7955, Sidi Othman, Casablanca, Morocco;8. Toulouse III University, 13 Terrasses de la Figuière, F-30140 Anduze, France |
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| Abstract: | Determining the relationships of mid-Late Cretaceous African taxa is central to understanding the timing and resultant palaeobiogeographical patterns of Gondwanan fragmentation. The early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Kem Kem beds of southeastern Morocco preserve a diverse vertebrate fauna, including sauropod dinosaurs. Sauropod material includes the holotype of the rebbachisaurid diplodocoid Rebbachisaurus garasbae and fragmentary remains representing indeterminate titanosauriforms and rebbachisaurids. Here, we describe two new specimens from the Kem Kem beds. A dorsal neural arch with complex internal pneumaticity is tentatively attributed to a somphospondylan titanosauriform. A caudal vertebra possessing several rebbachisaurid synapomorphies is excavated by a large and pervasive lateral pneumatic foramen, a feature undocumented in other rebbachisaurids. However, caudal vertebrae are currently unknown for the sympatric R. garasbae, so this element could be referable to that taxon or a second, previously unknown, rebbachisaurid species. Interestingly, this new caudal vertebra displays a mosaic of features otherwise restricted to limaysaurine or nigersaurine rebbachisaurids, suggesting a placement basal to these clades, which is the position usually recovered for R. garasbae in phylogenetic analyses. A review of the mid-Cretaceous African sauropod fossil record removes the Cretaceous record of dicraeosaurids from Africa, restricting this clade to a single post-Jurassic occurrence in Argentina. All diagnostic sauropod remains can be attributed to titanosauriforms or rebbachisaurids. Whereas rebbachisaurids were seemingly restricted to northwestern Africa and disappeared post-Cenomanian, titanosauriforms were widespread across the African continent and survived until the latest Cretaceous. The development of the mid-Cretaceous Trans-Saharan Seaway might have acted as a dispersal barrier for rebbachisaurids and other vertebrate groups. In contrast, titanosauriforms might have been able to cross this barrier, but it is possible that they were also unable to disperse, and that northwestern African titanosauriforms were not closely related to taxa from the rest of the African continent. New materials and a better understanding of titanosaur interrelationships will be crucial in teasing these scenarios apart. |
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| Keywords: | Africa Biogeography Dicraeosauridae Diplodocoidea Gondwana Laurasia Mesozoic Neosauropoda Rebbachisauridae Titanosauria Trans-Saharan Seaway |
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