| 1974—2009年西藏羊卓雍错湖泊水位变化分析 |
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| 引用本文： | 除多,普穷,旺堆,米玛次仁,拉巴卓玛,张雪芹,孙瑞.1974—2009年西藏羊卓雍错湖泊水位变化分析[J].山地学报,2012(2):239-247. |
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| 作者姓名： | 除多 普穷 旺堆 米玛次仁 拉巴卓玛 张雪芹 孙瑞 |
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| 作者单位： | 中国气象局成都高原气象研究所;西藏高原大气环境科学研究所;西藏浪卡子县气象局;西藏自治区水文水资源勘测局;中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金项目(40871044);西藏自治区重点科技计划项目(编号:201015);中国科学院院地合作项目“西藏东南部典型地区冰川作用湖泊变化灾害预警研究”项目;西藏自治区气象局局设项目~~ |
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| 摘 要： | 羊卓雍错(简称羊湖)是青藏高原南部最大的一个封闭型内陆湖泊,位于西藏自治区浪卡子县境内,与纳木错、玛旁雍错一起并列为西藏三大圣湖,是藏南地区重要的风景旅游区。始建于1989年的羊湖发电站于1997年正式投入运营,为世界上海拔最高的抽水蓄能电站。在全球气候变暖和人类活动的影响下,其湖面水位变化及其成因备受国内外关注。利用1974—2009年羊湖白地水文观测资料,分析了36年来羊湖水位年际、年内变化特征及其与自然要素(气温、降水和蒸发等)和人类活动之间的关系。结果表明,羊湖平均水位为19.06 m,历史最高值出现在1980年,为21.37 m,2009年水位降至17.08 m的历史最低值。自1974年有水位观测资料以来,羊湖水位呈波动式下降趋势,其中,1974—1977年水位表现为逐年下降,幅度为0.26 m/a;之后至1980年以0.4 m/a呈上升态势,1980年羊湖水位达到了历史最高值;此后,至1996年水位呈显著下降趋势,减少速率为2.08 m/(10 a),1996年是羊湖水位上升的一个转折点,至2004年水位在逐年上升;2004—2009年是一个水位显著下降的时段,速率为0.57 m/a,也是水位下降趋势最为显著的时段。羊湖水位下降年份占整个时段的56%,而44%的年份水位在上升。1974—1984年及2001—2005年水位高于多年平均值,而1985—2000年及2006年之后水位都低于多年平均值。羊湖水位的年内最低值一般出现在6月,最高值则在10月。羊湖年内水位变化对流域降水量的响应具有一定的滞后性,时间为2个月左右。羊湖水位变化主要是由降水波动、气温上升、蒸发的变化等自然因素共同作用的结果,特别是,流域年际降水量波动是湖面水位升降的主要影响因子,人为和工程的影响范围和程度均较小。自羊湖电站1997年运行以来,流域的环境在暖湿的气候大背景下有所改善,且对羊湖水位变化无明显影响。但如果电站不能蓄水与发电并举,达不到总体不消耗羊湖水量的设计目标和水量平衡,对羊湖水位的影响将不可忽视。
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| 关 键 词： | 水位动态 成因分析 羊卓雍错 西藏高原 |
Water Level Variations of Yamzho Yumco Lake in Tibet and the Main Driving Forces |
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| CHU Du,PU Qiong,WANG DUI,MIMA Ciren,LABA Zhuoma,ZHANG Xueqin,SUN Rui.Water Level Variations of Yamzho Yumco Lake in Tibet and the Main Driving Forces[J].Journal of Mountain Research,2012(2):239-247. |
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| Authors: | CHU Du PU Qiong WANG DUI MIMA Ciren LABA Zhuoma ZHANG Xueqin SUN Rui |
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| Institution: | 1.Institute of Plateau Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration,Chengdu 610072,China; 2.Tibet Institute of Plateau Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,Lhasa 850000,China; 3.Langkazi Meteorological Bureau,Langkazi,851100,China; 4.Tibet Bureau of Hydrology and Water Resources,Lhasa,851100,China; 5.Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China) |
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| Abstract: | There are over 1 000 lakes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) and their areas account for 49.5% of the total lake area in China.Lakes on the TP play critical roles in the water cycle and ecological and environment systems of the Plateau.A better understanding of lake variations on the Tibetan Plateau is important for evaluating climate change and regional environment consequence under global warming.In this paper,the water level variations of Yamzho Yumco Lake,a representative inland lake and one of three holy lakes on the TP and scenic spot located at southern TP,and correlations with main climate variables(precipitation,temperature,and evaporation etc.) are analyzed using hydrological and meteorological data from 1974 to 2009 in Baidi Hydrological Station within Yamzho Yumco Lake basin.The results show that annual mean water level of the lake is 19.06 m and the highest level reaches to 21.37 m in 1980 with the lowest level record of 17.08 m in 2009.Water level of the lake generally has been decreasing since1974 when hydrological record started.In detail,annual water level was decreasing from 1974—1977 with the mean annual decreasing rate(MADR) of 0.26 m/year,and increasing from 1977 to 1980 with the mean annual increasing rate(MAIR) of 0.4 m/year.The highest historical water level recorded in 1980.The significant decreasing trend occurred from 1980 to 1996 with MADR of 0.21 m/year.1996 is an increasing turning point for water level changes until 2004.since 2004 there has been a obvious decreasing trend until 2009 with MADR of 0.57 m/year.For the annual water level changes from 1974 to 2009,the decreasing period of time is 56% of the total hydraulically record time and the increasing period of time is 44% of the total hydraulically record time.From 1974 to 1984 and 2001 to 2005 the water level is above the mean annual water level and the rest is lower than the mean annual water level.The lowest monthly water level is in Jun and the highest value is in October.There is two-month time lag between the highest monthly water level and precipitation.Water level changes of the lake are mainly caused by precipitation fluctuation.Temperature is dedicated to water level changes through glaciers and snow melting within the basin under continuous increase in temperature.There is a negative correlation between evaporation and water level variations,which means that higher evaporation leads to decrease in water level of the lake.Particularly,the fluctuation of inter-annual precipitation is the main driving forces for water level variations.The impact of human activity and the engineering measures such power plant construction on the water level variation is limited.Yamzho Yumco Pumped Storage Power Station has been in operation in 1998 and the basin environment ameliorates under background of warm and humid climate and its impact on water level variations are limited.The design goal of the power plant is that during summer the water is pumped from Yarlung Zangbo River to the lake using extra power and in other seasons the power station generates power.However,if the water between lake and river can not keep in balance and meet the design goal of the power station,the impact of the power station on water level variations can not be ignored. |
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| Keywords: | water level variation driving forces Yamzho Yumco Lake Tibetan Plateau |
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