Vertical zonation patterns of scavenging amphipods from the Hadal zone of the Tonga and Kermadec Trenches |
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| Institution: | 1. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Dr. 0208, La Jolla CA 92093-0218, USA;2. County Sanitation District of Los Angeles County, P.O. Box 4998, Whittier, CA 90607, USA;1. Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Main Street, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire AB41 6AA, UK;2. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 169 Tory St, PO Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand;3. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington 6021, New Zealand;4. Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA;1. Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban PA37 1QA, UK;2. Stockholm University, Department of Meteorology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;3. Institute of Biogeosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Marine Technology and Engineering Center, 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan;4. University of Southern Denmark, Nordic Centre for Earth Evolution, 5230 Odense M, Denmark;5. Greenland Climate Research Centre, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland;6. University of Copenhagen, Marine Biological Section, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark;7. Institute of Biogeosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan;8. Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany;9. Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany,;10. Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan;1. School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;2. Section of Ichthyology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA;3. Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Viale delle Medaglie d’Oro 305, Rome, Italy;4. Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy;5. Marine Scotland-Science, 375 Victoria Rd, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, Scotland, UK;6. Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1000 Pope Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA;7. Florida State University Coastal and Marine Laboratory, 3618 Hwy 98, St. Teresa, FL 32358, USA;8. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA;9. Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, 8000 North Ocean Drive, Dania Beach, FL 33004, USA;1. Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and Technology, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306 Shanghai, China;2. Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China;3. College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA;1. Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK;2. Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire AB41 6AA, UK;3. School of Marine Science and Technology, Ridley Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK |
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| Abstract: | Deep-sea trenches present an ideal system in which to study vertical zonation, though the difficulties inherent in studying these great depths have thus far deterred such research. Here, we present the first account of the structure and vertical zonation of the scavenging guild residing in the hadal habitat of the Tonga and Kermadec Trenches (SW Pacific Ocean). Four species of scavenging amphipod (Eurythenes gryllus, Scopelocheirus schellenbergi, Hirondellea dubia, and Uristes sp. nov.) were captured with baited free-vehicle traps set 1 m above the seafloor and deployed to bottom depths between 5155 and 10,787 m. Each species occupied a distinct vertical zone of 3.5 km or less, and the scavenging amphipod assemblage vertically partitioned the hadal zone. Scavenging amphipod diversity and evenness sharply declined below 9 km. For S. schellenbergi and H. dubia, population structure was stratified ontogenetically. Early instars appeared to reside exclusively in the shallower depths of each species’ vertical zone, and were functionally missing from the median and deeper regions. We captured brooding Uristes sp. nov. females, documenting the first bait-attendance event of brooding amphipods in the hadal zone. Separation of habitat in conjunction with deviations in reproductive traits, behaviors, and nutritional strategies may facilitate the coexistence of these four related species in this harsh and confining habitat. |
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