The Gulf of California: Review of ecosystem status and sustainability challenges |
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Authors: | Salvador E Lluch-Cota Eugenio A Aragón-Noriega David Aurioles-Gamboa Richard C Brusca Roberto Cortés-Altamirano Alfonso Esquivel-Herrera Michel E Hendrickx Hugo Herrera-Cervantes Miguel Lavín Daniel B Lluch-Cota Silvio G Marinone Sofia Ortega-García Alejandro Parés-Sierra Mauricio Ramírez-Rodríguez Richard A Schwartzlose Arturo P Sierra-Beltrán |
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Institution: | a Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), P.O. Box 128, La Paz, Baja California Sur 23000, Mexico b Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR-IPN), P.O. Box 592, La Paz, Baja California Sur 23000, Mexico c Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, AZ 85743, USA d Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad Académica Mazatlán. P.O. Box 818, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82040, Mexico e Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM-Xochimilco), Departamento El Hombre y Su Ambiente, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, D.F. 04960, Mexico f Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada, Unidad Baja California Sur (CICESE-La Paz), Miraflores 334, Frac. Bella Vista, La Paz, B.C.S. 23050, Mexico g Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA h Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), P.O. Box 2732, Ensenada, Baja California 22800, Mexico i Instituto Nacional de la Pesca, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Pesqueras (INP-CRIP) Calle 20 No. 605 sur, Centro, Guaymas, Sonora 85400, Mexico |
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Abstract: | The Gulf of California is unique because of its geographical location and conformation. It hosts diverse ecosystems and important fisheries that support industry and provide livelihood to coastal settlements. It is also the site of interests and problems, and an intense interaction among managers, producers, and conservationists. In this report, we scrutinize the abiotic (hydrography, climate, ocean circulation, and chemistry) and biotic (phyto- and zooplankton, fish, invertebrates, marine mammals, birds, and turtles) components of the marine ecosystem, and some particular aspects of climate variability, endemisms, harmful algal blooms, oxygen minimum layer, and pollution. We also review the current conditions and conflicts around the main fisheries (shrimp, small and large pelagic fishes, squid, artisanal and sportfishing), the most important human activity in the Gulf of California. We cover some aspects of management and conservation of fisheries, especially the claimed overexploitation of fish resources and the ecosystems, and review proposals for creating networks of marine protected areas. We conclude by identifying main needs for information and research, particularly the integration of data bases, the implementation of models and paleoreconstructions, establishment of monitoring programs, and the evaluation of fishing impacts and management actions. |
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Keywords: | Ecosystem Fisheries Conservation Management Mexico Gulf of California |
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