Metallogeny of Greenland |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Petrology and Economic Geology, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark;2. Natural Construction Materials, Geological Survey of Norway, Leiv Eirikssons vei 39, 7040 Trondheim, Norway;1. Centre for Exploration Targeting and ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems, School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;2. Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, OMP, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France;3. Avocet Mining PLC and Goldbelt Resources, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso;4. GeoRessources, CNRS–CREGU, Université de Lorraine, France;1. Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Ak. Koptyga, 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;2. Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Resources, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kryukovskiy tupic, 4, 111020 Moscow, Russia;3. Prospector Ltd, Vostochnaya Str., 56 (818), 620075 Ekaterinburg, Russia;1. Centre for Integrated Petroleum Research (Uni CIPR), Uni Research, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway;2. Department of Arctic Geology, University Centre in Svalbard, P.O. Box 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway;3. Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway;4. Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research AS, Oslo Innovation Park, N-0349 Oslo, Norway;5. Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), Postboks 1028 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway;1. Department of Geology, Saint Mary''s University, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada;2. Department of Earth Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;3. U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508-4626, USA |
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| Abstract: | Greenland is the largest island on Earth, with 80% of its area covered by a thick ice sheet. The coastal areas are underlain by variable rocks ranging from Eoarchean to the most recent ages. Greenland has a mineral exploration tradition since its colonization in the 18th century, and mining of cryolite started in 1854. Since the 1960s, the country is explored systematically for various commodities, which however resulted only in limited mining activity in only a few successful mines. Most exploration has been based on prospecting followed by exploration around the exposed mineralization.The geology from North-West Greenland along the coast to the south and along the eastern coast north to Kangerlussuaq Fjord is dominated by deeply eroded Archean and Paleoproterozoic rocks. The metallogeny is largely controlled by mid crustal processes and the preservation potential of mineralization in the deeper crust. Significant mineralization is found in orthomagmatic Ni-PGE-Au sulfide and Cr- or Fe-Ti-V oxide systems and hypozonal orogenic gold systems in major shear zones. Interestingly, the ultramafic units of the orthomagmatic systems locally host gemstone-quality corundum mineralization. Graphite mineralization occurs in amphibolite-granulite facies metasedimentary units and in shear zones in Paleoproterozoic orogens. Mesozonal orogenic gold and iron ore in banded iron formation are restricted to localized lower metamorphic grade areas along the west coast. Larger units of preserved Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks are restricted to South, central East and central West Greenland, where base metal mineralization formed the significant Zn-Pb Black Angel deposit.Widespread sedimentation and localized mafic magmatism started in the late Paleoproterozoic in various continental to shallow marine basins and lasted with interruptions until the start of the Caledonian Orogeny. These late Paleoproterozoic to early Paleozoic sedimentary rocks are variably deformed and metamorphosed by subsequent orogeny and mainly preserved in northern and eastern Greenland. They host stratiform sedimentary base metal mineralization of only limited known extent, except the sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb Citronen deposit in central North Greenland. The Caledonian and subsequently the Ellesmerian orogens affected the eastern and northern Laurentian margin, respectively. Mineral systems of only limited known extent related to this orogeny are Mississippi Valley Type Zn-Pb in the Ellesmerian foreland, mesozonal orogenic gold in Caledonian shear zones and magmatic-hydrothermal W-Sb ± Au ± Cu systems in and adjacent to Caledonian granites. Renewed and almost continuous sedimentation occurred from the Devonian until Paleogene in eastern Greenlandic basins. The sedimentary units host stratiform sedimentary base metal mineralization of only small known magnitude. The Paleogene in eastern and central West Greenland is characterized by widespread mafic-ultramafic magmatism, forming flood basalt and a series of intrusions in East Greenland. Nickel-sulfide mineralization is locally hosted by the mafic-ultramafic rocks in central West Greenland, whereas eastern Greenlandic mafic and felsic intrusions host significant orthomagmatic PGE-Au mineralization in Skaergaard, and magmatic hydrothermal Mo-Au-Ag mineralization in Malmbjerg and Flammefjeld.Western and southern Greenland was a relative stable shield from Paleoproterozoic times and is intruded by localized Meso- and Neoproterozoic alkaline and carbonatite suites, which form part of a larger Mesoproterozoic rift only in South Greenland. These intrusions host locally significant REE-Nb-Ta-U-Zn-Be in Kvanefjeld, Kringlerne and Motzfeldt deposits of South Greenland and the southern West Greenlandic Sarfartoq deposit. Diamond mineralization is spatially associated with the alkaline and carbonatite intrusions in southern West Greenland.The long and complex geological evolution recorded in Greenland appears to be in contrast with only few examples of successful mineral exploration and mining. Numerous mineral deposits are developed in neighboring Arctic countries, making the remote Arctic setting an unlikely single argument for the situation. Geological knowledge is still relatively basic for many parts of Greenland and modern geophysical and geochemical data is often only available at a regional scale, which makes knowledge- and mineral system-driven exploration difficult and costly. The review of the Greenlandic metallogeny in this paper, however, clearly shows the enormous potential for finding ores in a wide variety of settings. |
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