Conceptual consideration and outcrop interpretation on early stage deformation of sand and mud in accretionary prisms for chaotic deposit formation |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;2. Key Laboratory of Western China’s Mineral Resource and Geological Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;4. Guangdong University Key Laboratory of Offshore Oil Exploration and Development/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;5. Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China;6. Tibet Autonomous Region Geological and Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau, Lhasa 850000, China;1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy;2. Department of Earth Sciences, Vrjie Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 Amsterdam, the Netherlands;3. Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università di Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, 34128 Trieste, Italy;1. Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;2. Kochi Institute for Core Sample research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Nankoku, Japan;3. Center for Integrative Geosciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA;4. Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;5. Research and Development Center for Ocean Drilling Science, Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan;6. Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK;7. Department of Geology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea;8. Department of Geoscience, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, USA;9. Department of Mathematical Science and Advanced Technology, Japan Agency for Marine and Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan;10. Department of Geosciences and Center for Geofluids, Geomechanics, and Geohazards, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA;11. Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA;12. International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan;13. University of Lorraine, ENSMN, Nancy, France;14. Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan;15. Department of Geoscience, Univ. WI-Madison, Madison, WI, USA;p. Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;q. Department of Earth Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan;r. Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;s. Department of Geological Science, University of MO, Columbia, MO, USA;t. Research and Development Center for Earthquake and Tsunami, Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan |
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| Abstract: | This paper dealt with the summary of the outcrop observation of chaotic deposits (mélanges) in the present and past accretionary prisms and complexes with comparative consideration from the conceptual results of deformation under un- and semi-lithified (weakly lithified) conditions. I stressed the significance of pore-fluid pressure, mud pressure (both are treated as head), and frequency of stress period in order to interpret chaotic deposits and related structures on outcrops. Most important results were to point out that the vice versa relationships in sandstone and mudstone, as in one case sandstone is a clast within mudstone matrix, but in another case of early stages of deformation, mudstone is a clast within sandstone matrix. This is interpreted due to sudden shake of high frequency of period like earthquake shake. In addition, new ideas of explanation were adoptable using different stress – effective stress diagrams as well as the conventional stress – strain diagrams as applied by the experimental results of solid mechanics, e.g. critical state deformation in uniform flow for slump and convolution, and scaly clays that are commonly developed in accretionary prisms. The different modes of deformation in sandstone and mudstone in case of hydraulic fracturing, liquefaction and fluidization, and also unique structures like vein structure and scaly clay formation are implied. These concepts are available to interpret various chaotic deposits occurrences, and to discuss their origin from on land and under the sea. |
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