Effects of hypoxia on benthic organisms in Tokyo Bay,Japan: A review |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada;2. Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Region, 850 route de la Mer, Mont-Joli, Quebec G5H 3Z4, Canada;1. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Kristineberg 566, SE-45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden;2. Department of Natural Science, Kristianstad University, SE-29188 Kristianstad, Sweden;3. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Kristineberg 566, SE-45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden;1. Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan;2. KIOST, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil Jangmok-Myon, Geoji 656-834, Republic of Korea;3. Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Sapporo 060-0813, Japan;4. Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;1. Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;2. Research Institute for Aquaculture No.1, Dinh Bang, Tu Son, Bac Ninh, Vietnam;1. Department of Urban and Civil Engineering, Tokyo City University, 1-28-1 Tamazutsumi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8557, Japan;2. Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan;3. Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan;1. South Sea Environment Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jangmok 1-gil 41, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea;2. Oil and Pops Research Group, KIOST, Jangmok 1-gil 41, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Marine Fisheries Resources, Mokpo National University, Muan 534-729, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | Bottom hypoxia (dissolved oxygen concentration ⩽2 ml l−1) from anthropogenic eutrophication is a growing global concern. Here, we summarized characteristics of hypoxia and its effects on benthic organisms in Tokyo Bay. Despite recent decreases in nutrient inputs, hypoxia has been increasing in duration and spatial extent, suggesting that the substantial loss of tidal flats from reclamation is contributing to a decrease in the ability of Tokyo Bay to recycle nutrients. Hypoxia develops in the central to northern part of the bay and persists from spring to autumn, causing defaunation of benthic organisms. After the abatement of hypoxia in autumn, the defaunated area is recolonized, either through migration or larval settlement. Some megabenthic species with a spawning peak in spring and summer experience failure of larval settlement, which is probably due to hypoxia. The adverse effects of hypoxia are an impediment to recovery of benthic organisms in Tokyo Bay. |
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