Transferring bulk water between Canada and the United States: More than a century of transboundary inter-local water supplies |
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| Authors: | Patrick Forest |
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| Institution: | 1. IMUVa, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain;2. Irstea, UMR G-EAU, 361 rue Jean François Breton, 34196 Montpellier Cedex 5, France;3. INRA, UMR Lameta, Montpellier, France;1. Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (InBIO-CIBIO), Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, PT4485-661 Vairão, Portugal;2. Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, PT4169-007 Porto, Portugal;3. Department of Ecosystem Services, Helmholtz-Center for Environmental Research –UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;4. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;1. University of the West of England (UWE), Coldharbour Lane, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK;2. The Converging World, c/o Everoze, 5th Floor, 30 Queen Charlotte Street, Bristol BS1 4HJ, UK;3. Pitchandikulam Bio Resource Centre (PBRC), Pitchandikulam Forest, Auroville 605101, Tamil Nadu, India;1. Department of Accounting and Finance, Northeastern State University, 700 N Grand Avenue, Tahlequah, OK 74464, USA;2. Department of Social Science, Universidad Iberoamericana Puebla, 72810 San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, Mexico;3. Department of Economics and Legal Studies in Business, Oklahoma State University, 339 Business Building, Spears School of Business, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;4. Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, 89339 Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico |
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| Abstract: | Water has been the source of many controversies in Canada. While the extensive literature on international water transfers has focused on the continental schemes aimed at diverting and transferring Arctic water southward, little has been written about the only existing bulk water transfers between borderland communities located along the Canadian and American border. This article introduces the concept of transboundary inter-local water supplies, and documents their spatialities, origins, modes of governance, and characteristics. For decades, these communities have engaged with the international realm to address water scarcity issues and the high costs associated with water infrastructure. Although small in scale, they constitute a different model of Canadian–American cross-boundary water cooperation. I argue, however, that these transfers are scale dependent; they cannot be scaled up because they are only possible because they are embedded within the local. Although such partnerships have often evolved informally, within grey areas of water governance, they have nonetheless been effective in providing freshwater to local border communities. |
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