Institution: | a Department of Civil Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan b Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA c Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA d Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan |