Origin of high-velocity anomalies beneath the Siberian craton: A fingerprint of multistage magma underplating since the Neoarchean |
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| Institution: | 1. State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, Department of Earth Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China;2. Institute for Geosciences, University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany;3. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Favorskogo 1A, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia;4. V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Akademika Koptyuga 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia;5. Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia;1. Department of Petrology, Geological Faculty, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, Moscow 119234, Russia;2. Institute of Experimental Mineralogy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str. 4, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia;3. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ak. Koptyuga pr. 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia;4. Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK;5. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, I-50121 Firenze, Italy;1. State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;2. Department of Geology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA;3. Institute of Geophysics, ETH-Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland;4. CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China |
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| Abstract: | Despite the violent eruption of the Siberian Traps at ~ 250 Ma, the Siberian craton has an extremely low heat flow (18–25 mW/m2) and a very thick lithosphere (300–350 km), which makes it an ideal place to study the influence of mantle plumes on the long-term stability of cratons. Compared with seismic velocities of rocks, the lower crust of the Siberian craton is composed mainly of mafic granulites and could be rather heterogeneous in composition. The very high Vp (> 7.2 km/s) in the lowermost crust can be fit by a mixture of garnet granulites, two-pyroxene granulites, and garnet gabbro due to magma underplating. The high-velocity anomaly in the upper mantle (Vp = 8.3-8.6 km/s) can be interpreted by a mixture of eclogites and garnet peridotites. Combined with the study of lower crustal and mantle xenoliths, we recognized multistage magma underplating at the crust-mantle boundary beneath the Siberian craton, including the Neoarchean growth and Paleoproterozoic assembly of the Siberian craton beneath the Markha terrane, the Proterozoic collision along the Sayan-Taimyr suture zone, and the Triassic Siberian Trap event beneath the central Tunguska basin. The Moho becomes a metamorphism boundary of mafic rocks between granulite facies and eclogite facies rather than a chemical boundary that separates the mafic lower crust from the ultramafic upper mantle. Therefore, multistage magma underplating since the Neoarchean will result in a seismic Moho shallower than the petrologic Moho. Such magmatism-induced compositional change and dehydration will increase viscosity of the lithospheric mantle, and finally trigger lithospheric thickening after mantle plume activity. Hence, mantle plumes are not the key factor for craton destruction. |
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