| 山西运城盐湖开发史及其古代制盐技术成就 |
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| 引用本文： | 蔡克勤,杨长辛.山西运城盐湖开发史及其古代制盐技术成就[J].化工矿产地质,1993(4). |
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| 作者姓名： | 蔡克勤 杨长辛 |
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| 作者单位： | 中国地质大学，山西省地矿局214队 北京 |
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| 摘 要： | 运城盐湖开发历史悠久。甲骨文中的卤字是人工晒盐田的象形描绘。虞舜时代的《南风歌》是一首古老的盐业生产的歌谣。盐湖西侧古代采盐后废弃的芒硝、白钠镁矾堆积层(硝板)最厚达5.76m,其底部粘土测得~14C年龄为4653±87a。据此,日光晒盐法已有3000年以上的历史。硝板的化学成分和矿物组成分为上、下两层,下层以芒硝为主,反映早期制盐工艺比较原始,仅为蓄卤—除硝—晒盐,食盐中含有MgSO_4等杂质,称为“监”。上层以白钠镁矾为主,反映制盐工艺已排除Na_2SO_4和MgSO_4,制得优质食盐。这一制盐工艺的革新完成于先秦时代,距今有2000年以上的历史。北魏到宋代,不断完善的以姚暹渠为骨干的护盐水利工程,保障了盐业生产千余年长盛不衰。这三项都是盐业科技史上的光辉成就。
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| 关 键 词： | 运城盐湖 盐田 科学技术史 |
YUNCHENG SALINE LAKE,SHANXI,CHINA:A HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF ITS SALT RESOURSES |
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| Abstract: | In China,salt production has a very long history.In the Jiaguwen of the mostancient Chinese characters,the character“(?)”has already appeared to vividly picturethe scenes of salt pans and salt processing in them.Yuncheng saline lake represents atypical example well-known for one of important salt-making centers in the countryin the pre-historical period.As early as the Yao and Shun Dynasties,an poem invogue,“South Wind”,exactly expressed the cheerful feelings of the Yunchen salt-workers when south wind breezed across the salt fields and the white salt flowers became blooming.At that time,the by-products of salt processing such as mirabiliteand bloedite were as usual abandoned in pile in the pans,maximal thicknesssometimes reaching 4m.Some samples collected from the bottom of these tailaccumulations were dated by determining the isotope ~(14)C as 4.653±87a.In the remote past,owing to a high content of MgSO_4,the solar salts producedfrom the saline waters as table satlt would taste very bitter,consequently gettingnamed as“bitter salt”.Later by the Tang Dynasty(about 600 A.D.),in order toimprove the quality of table salt,as soon as the mirablite had crystallized from thesaline waters the left bittern with a high content of MgSO_4 was channeled into theother pans to continuously evaporate until the bloedite precipitated down.In thisway,the Mg content in the brine droped so much that the final product table salt wasa lot better in quality than before.It is noticeworthy that such processing technique,in spite of being developed 1,400 year ago,is well comfortable to the modern theoryof physicochemical equilibrium in a system of Na~+,Mg~2+/SO_4~(2-) and C1~--H~2O.Early in the Qin Dynasty(about 220 B.C.),for ensuring the supply of tablesalt to the people lived in the centrieal China,much attention was paid toconsturction of water conservancies so as to make sure the salt productions could besteady in progress.Approximately entering the period of Sui or Tang Dynasty(581-907 A.D.),a complex and complete system of ditch-dyke-weir-pond had beenaccoplished for the lake water to be able to be concentrated regulatedly by means ofartifical selection.Up to the modern times,the great project has been still making themost in salt processing. |
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