| 火山碎屑岩的百年研究 |
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| 引用本文： | 魏海泉,白志达,刘永顺.火山碎屑岩的百年研究[J].地质论评,2022,68(5):1918-1941. |
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| 作者姓名： | 魏海泉 白志达 刘永顺 |
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| 作者单位： | 中国地震局地质研究所，吉林长白山火山国家野外科学观测研究站，北京, 100029;中国地质大学（北京）地球科学与资源学院，北京，100083;首都师范大学资源环境与旅游学院，北京，100048 |
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| 基金项目： | 本文为国家自然科学基金资助项目“长白山天池火山系统中岩浆演化的非线性动力学过程研究”（编号：41372343）的成果 |
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| 摘 要： | 火山碎屑岩是爆破性火山喷发行为的直接产物，不同的碎屑成分、粒度及结构反映了不同岩相的堆积动力学过程，对火山碎屑岩岩石学和岩相组合的研究发展成了以物理火山学为代表的现代火山学研究体系。作为火山爆发碎屑物质的集合，其中不同成因类型的火山碎屑物往往可以直接对应不同阶段火山作用动力学参数特征。火山碎屑物3个最基本的堆积物成因类型是火山碎屑降落物、火山碎屑流和火山碎屑涌浪。火山喷发时碎屑化过程主要涉及挥发分的出溶和岩浆碎屑化过程以及不同火山流体内部的碎屑化过程。对于岩浆喷发、射汽岩浆喷发以及射汽喷发的直接产物，火山碎屑岩在组成上都包含了岩浆破碎的同源碎屑、火山通道裹进的异源碎屑以及火山流体在地表流动时捕获的表生碎屑。火山碎屑定义为爆破性火山喷发的直接行为产物，而包括坡移、滑坡体、火山泥石流等火山降解过程的表生碎屑与熔岩流在自生、淬碎碎屑化过程产生的碎屑则被定义为火山质碎屑。火山岩岩相的建立，为20世纪80年代后期向火山学研究阶段的转变奠定了基础。在地质研究的基础上探索火山活动过程和控制机制的经验模型、实验模拟和数值模拟研究，其中流体动力学的介入对理解火山喷发的基本过程具有里程碑式的推动意义。由此形成的火山学是研究火山与火山喷发的形成机理、喷发过程和产物特性的科学。
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| 关 键 词： | 火山碎屑岩 成因类型 相模型 动力学 火山学 |
| 收稿时间： | 2021/10/28 0:00:00 |
| 修稿时间： | 2022/5/10 0:00:00 |
Centurial study on pyroclastic rocks |
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| WEI Haiquan,BAI Zhid,LIU Yongshun.Centurial study on pyroclastic rocks[J].Geological Review,2022,68(5):1918-1941. |
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| Authors: | WEI Haiquan BAI Zhid LIU Yongshun |
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| Institution: | National Observation and Research Station of Jilin Changbaishan Volcano, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, 100029;School of Earth Sciences and Natural Resources, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing, 100083; College of Resource, Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048 |
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| Abstract: | Pyroclastic rock is a direct product of explosive volcanic eruption. The different clast composition, particle size and texture reflect the dynamic process of different lithofacies. The study on petrology and lithofacies association of pyroclastic rocks has developed into the modern volcanological research represented by physical volcanology. As a collection of pyroclastic materials, pyroclasts of different genetic types can directly correspond to the characteristics of dynamic parameters for different volcanism stages. The three fundamental types of pyroclastic deposits are air fallout, pyroclastic flow, and pyroclastic surge. The fragment process of a volcanic eruption mainly involves the dissolution of volatiles, the magmatic fragmentation and the breaking process within different volcanic flows. For the direct products of magmatic, phreatomagmatic and phreatic eruptions, the pyroclastic rocks are composed of the cognate fragments from depth, the accessory fragments trapped from the conduit, and the accidental fragments captured by volcanic fluids flowing on the surface. Pyroclasts are defined as the direct behavior products of explosive eruption. But volcaniclastics refers to the fragments that are produced by autogenic and quenching processes of a lava flow, or by the epiclastic fragmentation from degradation including mass- wasting, avalanche and lahar. The establishment of volcanic lithofacies models laid the foundation for the transition to the stage of volcanology in the late 1980s. On the basis of geological research, the empirical model, experimental simulation and numerical simulation of the process and control mechanism of volcanic activity are explored. Among them, the intervention of fluid dynamics is of milestone significance in promoting the understanding of the basic processes of volcanic eruption. The resulting volcanology is the study of volcanoes and their constructing mechanism, eruptional process and the product characteristics. |
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| Keywords: | pyroclastic rocks genetic nomenclature facies model dynamics volcanology |
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