Changing patterns of ‘Black’ bus subsidies in the apartheid city, 1944–19861) |
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| Authors: | Meshack M Khosa |
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| Institution: | (1) Department of Geography, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa;(2) School of Geography, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TB Oxford, England |
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| Abstract: | Bus fare subsidy, the difference between an economic fare charged by a bus operator and the amount paid by Black passengers, has played a vital role in the formation of the apartheid city in South Africa. Until 1986 employers paid transport levies on a weekly or monthly basis whilst the Government budgeted the contribution through Department of Transport vote. Transport subsidies reveals that subsidies were used to foster and facilitate the spatial organisation of urban areas. Subsidies were strongly associated with the geographical dislocation of Black communities from the centre of urban areas to the urban periphery. Subsidies first affected Black male workers in Johannesburg and a few geographical areas but were later extended to include African women, Coloureds and Indians. The theme that emerges from this paper is that the state used subsidies as one of the myriad strategies excluding Blacks politically, controlling them socially and making them dependent economically. |
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