Plate motions in the Alpine region and their correlation to the opening of the Atlantic ocean |
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Authors: | Prof Dr W Frisch |
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Institution: | (1) Present address: Geologisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Sigwartstr. 10, D-7400 Tübingen |
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Abstract: | The plate tectonic evolution of the Alps is intimately related to the stepwise protrusion of the Atlantic ocean to the north. The South Penninic oceanic basin of the Alps is part of the spreading system of the early Atlantic ocean in the Jurassic. In the Lower Cretacous, the North Peeninic basin forms as an appendix of the Atlantic in its second stage of evolution, connected with it via the Pyrenees trough and the Bay of Biscay. Subduction in the South Penninic ocean by convergent motion of the Briançonian and the Adriatic plates leads to a first continental collision in about mid-Cretaceous time. In the Upper Cretaceous, when the Atlantic ocean protrudes between North America and Greenland, Eurasia and Africa move divergently, and there is relative quiescence in the Alps. In the Tertiary, the Atlantic ocean spreads between Greenland and Scandinavia which results in convergent motion between Eurasia and Africa and important compressional events in the Alps.
Zusammenfassung Die plattentektonische Entwicklung in den Alpen steht mit dem etappenweisen Vorstoß des Atlantischen Ozeans nach Norden in engem Zusammenhang. Das ozeanische Südpenninische Becken der Alpen ist Teil des frühen Atlantik im Jura. In der Unterkreide bildet sich das Nordpenninische Becken als Fortsatz des Atlantik in dessen zweitem Entwicklungsstadium und steht mit diesem über den Pyrenäentrog und die Biscaya in Verbindung. Annäherung der Briançonischen und der Adritischen Platte führt zu Subduktion im Südpenninischen Becken und zu einer ersten Kontinentkollision in der Mittelkreide. Zur Zeit des atlantischen Vorstoßes zwischen Nordamerika und Grönland werden Eurasien und Afrika auseinanderbewegt, und es herrscht relative Ruhe in den Alpen. Im Tertiär bahnt sich der Atlantik seinen Weg zwischen Grönland und Skandinavien; dies führt Eurasien und Afrika gegeneinander und hat bedeutende Einengung in den Alpen zur Folge.
Résumé Le développement de la tectonique de plaques dans les Alpes est rapport étroit avec la poussée par etapes de l'Océan Atlantique en direction du Nord. Le bassin océanique piémontais des Alpes est une partie de l'Atlantique originel au moment du Jurassique. C'est au Crétacé inferieur que se forme le bassin valaisan en tant qu'appendice de l'Atlantique dans son deuxième stade de développement; il se trouve par là en relation avec la fosse pyrénéenne et le Golfe de Gascogne. Le rapprochement de la plaque briançonnaise et de la plaque adriatique conduit à une subduction dans le bassin piémontais et à une premiére collision continentale au Crétacé moyen. A l'époque de la pénétration atlantique entre l'Amérique du Nord et le Groenland, l'Eurasie et l'Atlantique s'écartérent, tandis qu'il règne une période d'accalmie relative dans les Alpes. C'est au Tertiaire que l'Atlantique se fraie son passage entre le Groenland et la Scandinavie. Cela mène à la rencontre de l'Eurasie et de l'Afrique, ce qui entraîne un rétrécissement important dans les Alpes.
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![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1075.gif) ![bcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1073.gif) ![acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![jcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1081.gif) ![ncy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1085.gif) ![pcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1088.gif) ![vcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1083.gif) ![lcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1079.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) . ![Vcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1042.gif) ![vcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1084.gif) ![vcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1076.gif) ![rcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ncy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![Acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1040.gif) ![tcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1090.gif) ![lcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1089.gif) 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![mcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1088.gif) ![kcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![Gcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1043.gif) ![rcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1085.gif) ![lcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1085.gif) ![dcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1076.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![IEcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1045.gif) ![vcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1079.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![Acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1040.gif) ![fcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1092.gif) ![rcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1089.gif) ![khcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1093.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1076.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1040.gif) ![lcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1100.gif) ![pcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1072.gif) ![gcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1076.gif) ![scy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1074.gif) ![vcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ncy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![jcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1081.gif) ![scy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) . ![tcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ncy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1090.gif) ![lcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1082.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zhcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1078.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![bcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1073.gif) ![dcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1075.gif) ![mcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zhcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1078.gif) ![dcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1076.gif) ![Gcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1043.gif) ![rcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1085.gif) ![lcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1085.gif) ![dcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1076.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![Scy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1057.gif) ![kcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1085.gif) ![dcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ; ![ecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1101.gif) ![tcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1089.gif) ![bcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1073.gif) ![lcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1079.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1083.gif) ![IEcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1045.gif) ![vcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1079.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![Acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1040.gif) ![fcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1092.gif) ![rcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1082.gif) , ![rcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ucy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1091.gif) ![lcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1100.gif) ![tcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1090.gif) ![chcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1075.gif) ![pcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1091.gif) ![chcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1089.gif) ![dcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1085.gif) ![Acy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1040.gif) ![lcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/pt2j165564x77885/xxlarge1100.gif) .
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