Why people matter in ocean governance: Incorporating human dimensions into large-scale marine protected areas |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States;2. Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States;3. Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Canada;4. Marine Management Solutions, Honolulu, HI, United States;5. School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Australia;6. Department of Geography, University of Guelph, Canada;7. Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, United States;8. ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Australia;9. Conservation International, Pacific Islands Program, New Zealand;10. Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States;11. Fisheries Ecology Research Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI, United States;12. Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, United States;13. Conservation International Center for Oceans, Honolulu, USA;14. Big Ocean, Honolulu, USA;15. 84 and Sunny, Honolulu, USA;p. International Union for the Conservation of Nature Large-Scale MPA Task Force, Gland, Switzerland;1. Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada;2. United Nations Environment Programme?Caribbean Environment Programme, 14-20 Port-Royal Street, Kingston, Jamaica;1. UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and the Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia;2. Molecular Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, Australia;1. Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Canada;2. School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, USA;3. Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, USA;4. Nereus Program and Institute for Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Canada;5. Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, USA;6. Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research (JIMAR), NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, USA;7. ARC Centre for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Australia;8. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London, UK;9. Luc Hoffmann Institute, World Wildlife Fund International, Switzerland & National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC), University of Maryland, USA;10. Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, USA;11. Center for Oceans, Conservation International, USA;12. School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, USA;13. Big Ocean;14. Marine Management Solutions, USA;15. Coastal Policy and Humanities Research, Canada;p. Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, USA;q. Coastal, Marine and Island Environments Program, Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCA) Consortium, Canada;r. Millennium Nucleus for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile;s. Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, USA;t. Locally-Managed Marine Area Network, Fiji;u. Department of Geography, University of Guelph, Canada;v. Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand;w. Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Australia;x. Center for Biodiversity Outcomes, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, USA;y. School of Government, Development & International Affairs (SGDIA), University of the South Pacific (USP), Fiji;1. SSHRC Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;2. Visiting Research Fellow, Centre for Global Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada;3. Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Large-scale marine protected areas (LSMPAs) are rapidly increasing. Due to their sheer size, complex socio-political realities, and distinct local cultural perspectives and economic needs, implementing and managing LSMPAs successfully creates a number of human dimensions challenges. It is timely and important to explore the human dimensions of LSMPAs. This paper draws on the results of a global “Think Tank on the Human Dimensions of Large Scale Marine Protected Areas” involving 125 people from 17 countries, including representatives from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, academia, professionals, industry, cultural/indigenous leaders and LSMPA site managers. The overarching goal of this effort was to be proactive in understanding the issues and developing best management practices and a research agenda that address the human dimensions of LSMPAs. Identified best management practices for the human dimensions of LSMPAs included: integration of culture and traditions, effective public and stakeholder engagement, maintenance of livelihoods and wellbeing, promotion of economic sustainability, conflict management and resolution, transparency and matching institutions, legitimate and appropriate governance, and social justice and empowerment. A shared human dimensions research agenda was developed that included priority topics under the themes of scoping human dimensions, governance, politics, social and economic outcomes, and culture and tradition. The authors discuss future directions in researching and incorporating human dimensions into LSMPAs design and management, reflect on this global effort to co-produce knowledge and re-orient practice on the human dimensions of LSMPAs, and invite others to join a nascent community of practice on the human dimensions of large-scale marine conservation. |
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| Keywords: | Large-scale marine protected areas Marine conservation Marine protected areas Human dimensions of conservation Conservation social science Knowledge co-production |
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