A review of ecological risk assessment and associated health risks with heavy metals in sediment from India |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Science, P.O. Box 319, Sabzevar, Khorasan Razavi, Iran;2. Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Khorasan Razavi, Iran;1. State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;2. Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China |
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| Abstract: | Heavy metal (HM) pollution in sediment is a serious concern particularly in developing nations, warranting an extensive survey to understand the current situation and propose possible remedial measures. This paper compiles the data of HMs cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) in aquatic sediment from India from 1979 to 2017. It was found that mean values of Cu, Co, Zn, Pb, As, and Cr in Indian sediment were high in comparison to the Australian Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines, World Surface Rock Average, and the Threshold Effect Level for freshwater ecosystems. Anthropogenic activities, lithogenic factors, and sand intrusion are the main factors associated with HM pollution as observed using cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The results of contamination indices indicate that HM contamination ranged from average to high, in the sediment. The ecological risk assessment results showed that 11% HMs present very high risk. The cancer risk, due to the high contents of Cd, As, and Cr the ingestion pathway, showed high risk of cancer through food/water contaminated with sediment. At source reduction of HMs in industrial effluents by effluent treatment plants, and plantation of phytoremediating rooted macrophytes in sediment may help in HM mitigation of the sediment. |
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| Keywords: | Sediments Heavy metal pollution Ecological risk assessment Cancer risk Health risk |
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