The science of European marine reserves: Status,efficacy, and future needs |
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| Authors: | Phillip B Fenberg Jennifer E Caselle Joachim Claudet Michaela Clemence Steven D Gaines Jose Antonio García-Charton Emanuel J Gonçalves Kirsten Grorud-Colvert Paolo Guidetti Stuart R Jenkins Peter JS Jones Sarah E Lester Rob McAllen Even Moland Serge Planes Thomas K Sørensen |
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| Institution: | 1. Oregon State University, Department of Zoology, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;2. University of California, Santa Barbara, Marine Science Institute, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA;3. National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE CRIOBE, University of Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France;4. Laboratoire d''Excellence “CORAIL”, France;5. University of Murcia, Department of Ecology and Hydrology, 30100 Murcia, Spain;6. Eco-Ethology Research Unit, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal;g University of Salento, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technology, 73100 Lecce, Italy;h School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, United Kingdom;i Department of Geography, University College London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;j School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland;k Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Marine Research Station, His, N-4817, Norway;l National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Charlottenlund, Denmark |
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| Abstract: | The ecologically and socio-economically important marine ecosystems of Europe are facing severe threats from a variety of human impacts. To mitigate and potentially reverse some of these impacts, the European Union (EU) has mandated the implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) in order to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) in EU waters by 2020. The primary initiative for achieving GES is the implementation of coherent networks of marine protected areas (MPAs). Marine reserves are an important type of MPA in which no extraction is allowed, but their usefulness depends upon a number of ecological, management, and political factors. This paper provides a synthesis of the ecological effects of existing European marine reserves and the factors (social and ecological) underlying their effectiveness. Results show that existing European marine reserves foster significant positive increases in key biological variables (density, biomass, body size, and species richness) compared with areas receiving less protection, a pattern mirrored by marine reserves around the globe. For marine reserves to achieve their ecological and social goals, however, they must be designed, managed, and enforced properly. In addition, identifying whether protected areas are ecologically connected as a network, as well as where new MPAs should be established according to the MSFD, requires information on the connectivity of populations across large areas. The adoption of the MSFD demonstrates willingness to achieve the long-term protection of Europe's marine ecosystems, but whether the political will (local, regional, and continent wide) is strong enough to see its mandates through remains to be seen. Although the MSFD does not explicitly require marine reserves, an important step towards the protection of Europe's marine ecosystems is the establishment of marine reserves within wider-use MPAs as connected networks across large spatial scales. |
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| Keywords: | Marine protected areas Marine reserves Marine Strategy Framework Directive Conservation Spillover Europe |
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