CITES-listings,EU eel trade bans and the increase of export of tropical eels out of Indonesia |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Chemistry, Queen''s University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada;2. Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington L7R 4A6, Canada;3. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli G5H 3Z4, Canada;4. Department of Biology, Queen''s University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada;5. School of Environmental Studies, Queen''s University, Kingston, K7L 3N6, Canada;1. Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;2. Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Duboislaan 14, B-1560 Hoeilaart, Belgium;3. Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Gaverstraat 4, B-9500 Geraardsbergen, Belgium;4. Ethology Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;1. North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, 100 Eugene Brooks Avenue, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA;2. U.S. Geological Survey, North Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, 100 Eugene Brooks Avenue, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA |
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| Abstract: | Following the decision in 2007 by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) to include European eel Anguilla anguilla on its Appendix II, and the 2010 ban of all eel exports by EU member states, a shift has occurred to tropical Asian eel species to meet the demand from East Asia. Here the focus is on the role Indonesia played in fulfilling this demand using official export figures, reports in the Indonesian media and government documents. Despite Indonesia first putting in place restrictions on the export of eel in 1974 the export has increased exponentially over the last 25 years. Prior to the EU ban it exported ~1.4 million kg/year. With the infrastructure in place, and close trade links to East Asia, and helped by government encouragement, Indonesia was in an excellent position to step in where the EU posed restrictions. Exports increased to 3.2 million kg/year (2007–2009), to 4.0 million kg/year (2010–2012), and to 6.1 million kg (2013). The interest in eel trade in Indonesia increased in parallel with the exports. From 2010 onwards the searches for the Indonesian equivalent of eel (“ikan sidat”) became frequent enough for it to be picked up by Google Trends. Indonesia is home to five species of eel, and while it is unclear in what quantities each is traded, Indonesian media reports suggest that the majority comprises A. bicolar and A. marmorata. More stringent management schemes, possibly including CITES-listing, and better monitoring are needed to ensure that international trade is not an impediment to the conservation of tropical eels. |
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| Keywords: | CITES Fisheries management Indonesia Japan Wildlife trade regulations |
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