A feasibility assessment of the application of the Polluter-Pays Principle to ship-source pollution in Hong Kong |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Logistics and Maritime Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong;2. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong;1. Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran;2. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran;1. Comparative and International Law at Maastricht University and Comparative Private Law and Economics at Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands;2. Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands;1. Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, RJ, Brazil;2. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA;3. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA;4. Departamento de Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil;5. Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil;6. Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil;7. Departamento de Oceanografia e Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, ES, Brazil;8. Departamento de Oceanografia e Limnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, RN, Brazil;9. Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil;10. Laboratório de Biogeografia da Conservação, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, GO, Brazil;11. Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia;12. Laboratório de Ecologia Marinha, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil;13. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, DF, Brazil;14. Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, DF, Brazil;15. Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Ambiental de Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brazil;p. Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, PB, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | This article aims to assess the feasibility of applying the Polluter-Pays Principle (PPP) to its fullest measure in counteracting ship-source pollution in Hong Kong (HK). Ship-source pollution is of chief concern for HK?s marine environmental protection. A comprehensive legal and policy framework has already been established to control and remedy ship-source pollution; nevertheless, the costs of implementing measures under this framework are largely undertaken by the government or through the public avenue, leading to an inconsistency with PPP, which is a principle rooted in HK environmental policy. Through an intensive literature review and questionnaire survey, the results of this study have revealed that the adequacy and/or effectiveness of the existing legal and policy framework for controlling and remedying ship-source pollution are questionable. In addition, despite varied understandings of PPP, the industry also supports the adoption of innovative legal and policy measures to apply PPP to its fullest measure in order to better control and remedy ship-source pollution. These findings provide useful evidence, and enable meaningful reflection on the existing legal and policy framework covering ship-source pollution. |
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| Keywords: | Ship-source pollution Prevention and control Liability and compensation Polluter-Pays Principle |
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