Ballast water management in Canada: A historical perspective and implications for the future |
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| Institution: | 1. GoConsult, Grosse Brunnenstrasse 61, 22763 Hamburg, Germany;2. Dr. Matej David Consult d.o.o., Korte 13e, 6310 Izola, Slovenia;1. Marine Science and Technology Centre, Klaip?da University, Lithuania;2. Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Pärnu, Estonia;3. Lough Derg Science Group, Killaloe, Co Clare, Ireland;1. Marine Bioresources Laboratory, Annaba University Badji-Mokhtar, Annaba, Algeria;2. ISMER-UQAR, 310 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, Canada G5L 3A1;1. Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale – ISPRA, Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy;2. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Maritime Studies, Studentska 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;3. Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure, Prisavlje 14, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;4. Maritime Safety Department, Marsala Tita 7, 85 000 Bar, Montenegro;5. GoConsult, Grosse Brunnenstrasse 61, 22763 Hamburg, Germany;6. Dr Matej David Consult, Korte 13e, 6310 Izola, Slovenia;1. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, 850 Route de la Mer, Sainte-Flavie, QC G0J 2L0, Canada;2. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 1 Challenger Drive, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada;3. Arctic Biological Consultants, 95 Turnbull Drive, Winnipeg, MB R3V 1X2, Canada;4. Higdon Wildlife Consulting, 912 Ashburn Street, Winnipeg, MB R3G 3C9, Canada;5. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 W Saanich Rd, Sidney, BC V8L 5T5, Canada;6. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Non-indigenous species (NIS) can create significant risks when introduced to foreign ecosystems. One of the many vectors facilitating the global transport of NIS is ballast water, and as commercial shipping increases so does the threat of ballast water-mediated introductions. Despite Canadian regulations, consistent with international guidelines put forth by the International Maritime Organization in the early 1990s, ballast water remains a potential vector for the introduction of many NIS to Canadian marine ecosystems: there have been no new introductions in the Laurentian Great Lakes Region since 2006, yet marine ecosystems continue to see the introduction and establishment of NIS. This paper details and analyzes the development of Canadian ballast water management (BWM), in the context of marine ecosystems, and identifies issues therein. BWM in Canada has a number of management gaps that have persisted since large-scale BWM began in the late 1980s. These include BWM exemptions for vessels not exiting the North American continental shelf, and limitations of effectiveness of mid-ocean exchange as the predominant management method in marine ecosystems. In addition, ballast water regulations for the Canadian Arctic may require additional consideration as the Arctic will likely continue to see an increase in both warming and commercial shipping in the future, thereby increasing the potential risk of NIS. In order to adequately protect all Canadian marine ecosystems, it is recommended that the current BWM regime: fill gaps in management to help prevent further introduction and spread of NIS; focus equally on both marine and freshwater regions, and; look to other aggressive BWM strategies such as those being developed by the state of California. |
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| Keywords: | Ballast water management (BWM) Non-indigenous species (NIS) Ballast water exchange (BWE) Mid-ocean exchange (MOE) Canadian policy Marine ecosystems |
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