Using compliance data to improve marine protected area management |
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| Institution: | 1. Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;2. National Marine Science Centre and Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry Research, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 4321, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia;1. Department of Natural Resources, 310 Fernow Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14583, United States;2. World Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20037, United States;1. University of Victoria, David Turpin Building, B243, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria BC V8W 2Y2, Canada;2. School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada;3. Geography Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada;1. International Water Security Network, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldhardbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom;2. Engineering, Design and Mathematics, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom;3. South Atlantic Research Institute, Falkland Islands;1. Institute of Marine Affairs and Resources Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Jl. Tgk Abdurrahman meunasah meucab No. 121, Gampong Lampoh Daya, Kec. Jaya Baru, Banda Aceh, Indonesia;2. Institute of Marine Affairs and Resources Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan |
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| Abstract: | Measuring the ‘level of compliance’ has emerged as a key performance indicator for MPA success internationally. Accurate interpretation of quantitative and qualitative compliance data is critical for determining which compliance activities contribute to specific management outcomes. To demonstrate the value of enforcement data in effective MPA management, more than 5000 enforcement actions from 2007 to 2013 from five New South Wales (NSW) Marine Parks were analysed. Specifically, it was tested whether through time: (i) the number of enforcement actions standardised by surveillance effort declined-indicating that ‘general deterrence’ was being achieved; (ii) the number of repeat offenders decreased-indicating that ‘specific deterrence’ was being achieved; (iii) the number of ‘local community’ enforcement actions standardised by surveillance effort declined-indicating growing support for marine parks was being achieved at the community level; and (iv) the percentage of young offenders (<25 yr) had declined-indicating that education programs targeting young adults were successful. Results indicated that general deterrence was not being achieved, with offence rates being relatively stable between years. In contrast, compliance measures were achieving individual deterrence, with the percentage of repeat offenders being very low (0.13–0.83%). Although compliance strategies may be making some progress in improving local compliance in some marine parks, the overall offence rate of local communities was concerning. The data suggested that there were major differences in compliance rates among age groups of offenders over time, although the percentage of young offenders declined over time in three marine parks. Over the six-year data collection period, there was no discernable improvement in compliance rates in most NSW Marine Parks. Overall, the significant value of collecting and analysing information on enforcement activities for MPAs was demonstrated, an often neglected aspect of their management world-wide. |
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| Keywords: | Compliance Enforcement Marine protected area Marine sanctuary Marine reserve |
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