Metallogeny of accretionary orogens — The connection between lithospheric processes and metal endowment |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran;2. United States Geological Survey, Box 25046, MS 973, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, USA;3. Mining Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran;4. Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), Leiv Eirikssons vei 39, 7491 Trondheim, Norway;1. Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;2. Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Building 142, Mills Road, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia;3. Centre for Exploration Targeting, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;4. Centre for Exploration Targeting, School of Earth and Environment, ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia;5. Geological Survey of Victoria, GPO Box 4509 Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia;1. Department of Geology, Payame Noor University, Iran;2. Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, People''s Republic of China |
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| Abstract: | Accretionary orogens throughout space and time represent extremely fertile settings for the formation and preservation of a wide variety of mineral deposit types. These range from those within active magmatic arcs, either in continental margin or intra-oceanic settings, to those that develop in a variety of arc-flanking environments, such as fore-arcs and back-arcs during deformation and exhumation of the continental margin. Deposit types also include those that form in more distal, far back-arc and foreland basin settings. The metallogenic signature and endowment of individual accretionary orogens are, at a fundamental level, controlled by the nature, composition and age of the sub-continental lithosphere, and a complex interplay between formational processes and preservational forces in an evolving Earth. Some deposit types, such as orogenic gold and volcanic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, have temporal patterns that mimic the major accretionary and crustal growth events in Earth history, whereas others, such as porphyry Cu–Au–Mo and epithermal Au–Ag deposits, have largely preservational patterns. The presence at c. 3.4 Ga of (rare) orogenic gold deposits, whose formation necessitates some form of subduction–accretion, provides strong evidence that accretionary processes operated then at the margins of continental nuclei, while the widespread distribution of orogenic gold and VMS deposits at c. 2.7–2.6 Ga reflects the global distribution of accretionary orogens by this time. |
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