A novel analysis of consumption-based carbon footprints in China: Unpacking the effects of urban settlement and rural-to-urban migration |
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| Institution: | 1. Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China;2. School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China;3. Beijing Key Lab of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing 100081, China;4. Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, China;1. School of Geography and Oceanography Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China;2. The Key Laboratory of the Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Land and Resources, Nanjing, China;3. CEES, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway;4. Information Center for Global Change Studies, Lanzhou Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China;1. Key Lab on Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;2. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;3. National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan;4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;5. Shandong University, Shandong 250100, China;6. Tsinghua University, Beijing 110000, China;1. School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China;2. School of Low Carbon Economics, Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan, 430205, China;1. School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China;2. Center for Energy & Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China |
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| Abstract: | Urbanization in developing countries greatly contributes to growing carbon emissions. Although studies have documented the urbanization effect, the science of consumption-based footprint assessments has yet to unpack various effects during the process of urbanization. Based on household expenditure data, this study innovatively proposes a methodology to conceptually and statistically deconstruct the observed urbanization effects on carbon footprint into selection effects and migration effects, which consist of human settlement effects and purposeful changes of migration (such as income and residential location). Applying propensity score matching and regression on the 2010 China Family Panel Study, we find that the apparent carbon-footprint difference between rural residents and migrants is about 1.5 t CO2e per capita. The migration effects account for about 2/3 of the apparent difference and the remaining 1/3 is due to selection effects. Urban settlement effects and the purposeful changes account for 73% and 27% of the migration effects, respectively. Transport sector is the key driver of carbon-footprint growth: it accounts for 60% of the migration effects. We conclude that travel behavior of rural migrants, currently in scarcity in the lite rature, merits further investigation, and policies should emphasize transit-oriented land use and transportation to achieve low-carbon urbanization. |
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| Keywords: | Carbon emission Greenhouse gas Life cycle assessment Migration Human settlement Propensity score matching |
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