Characteristics of lipid tracer compounds transported to the Arabian Gulf by runoff from rivers and atmospheric dust transport |
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| Authors: | Ahmed I Rushdi Khalid F Al-Mutlaq Bernd R T Simoneit Adnan Al-Azri Ali A Z DouAbul Sheikha Al-Zarban Faiza Al-Yamani |
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| Institution: | (1) Chair of Green Energy Research, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia;(2) Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;(3) Department of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman;(4) Department of Environmental Chemistry, Marine Science Centre, Basra University, Basra, Iraq;(5) 2660 NW Garryanna Drive, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA;(6) Mariculture and Fisheries Department, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Safat, Kuwait |
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| Abstract: | River runoff and atmospheric fallout (dust and air particulate matter) are major input sources of natural and anthropogenic
terrestrial organic and inorganic components to the Arabian seas. In this study, we report on the various lipid tracer compounds
that might be transported to the Arabian Gulf by rivers, dust, and air particulate matter. These are based on geochemical
analysis of sediment, dust, and particulate samples collected from Iraq, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. The samples were extracted
with a dichloromethane/methanol mixture and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The extractable organic compounds
(lipids) in the samples include n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids, n-alkanols, methyl n-alkanoates, steroids, triterpenoids, carbohydrates, and petroleum hydrocarbons. The steroids and triterpenoids were major
components in river and wetland samples. The major sources of these lipids were from natural vegetation, microbial (plankton
and bacteria) residues in the sediments, sand, and soils, with some contribution from anthropogenic sources. Accordingly,
these sources could be major inputs to the Arabian seas besides the autochthonous marine products. Future studies of the organic
and inorganic biogeochemistry on river, dust, and coastal areas are needed to characterize the various regional sources, transformation,
and diagenetic processes of the organic matter en route to the marine environment. |
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