Conservation values in marine ecosystem-based management |
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| Institution: | 1. UC Davis—Department of Environmental Science and Policy, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA;2. Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, USA;3. UC Davis—Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, USA;4. U. of Washington—D.J. Evans School of Public Affairs, USA;1. Centro Bahía Lomas, Universidad Santo Tomas, Avenida Costanera 01834, Punta Arenas, Chile;2. Laboratorio de Ecofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile;3. Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile;4. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, P.O. Box 592, La Paz 23090, Baja California Sur, Mexico;5. Centro COPAS Sur-Austral y Núcleo Milenio INVASAL, Departamento de Oceanografía, Piso 2, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile;1. Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia;2. Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia;3. Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia;4. NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, NSW, Australia;1. Programa de Doctorado en Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile;2. Departamento de Oceanografía y COPAS Sur Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile;3. Centro de Investigaciones de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Calle Independencia 631, Valdivia, Chile;4. Centro para el Estudio de Forzantes Múltiples Sobre Sistemas Socio-Ecológicos Marinos (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile;5. Insituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Avenida Blanco 839, Valparaíso, Chile;6. Escuela de Biología Marina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Borgoño 16344, Reñaca, Viña del Mar, Chile;1. Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway;2. AZTI, Pasaia, Spain;3. CNR-IAMC, Castellammare del Golfo, Italy;4. CNR-IAMC, Mazara del Vallo, Italy;5. Heriot-Watt University, Orkney, Scotland, UK;6. AquaBiota Water Research, Stockholm, Sweden;7. Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland;8. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;9. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium;10. Deltares, Delft, The Netherlands;11. Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Athens, Greece;12. IMARES, Wageningen, The Netherlands;13. ILVO, Oostende, Belgium;14. Ministry for Sustainable Development, the Environment and Climate Change-Fisheries Resource Unit (MSDEC-FRU), Ghammieri, Marsa, Malta;15. Department of Biology, University of Malta, Msida, Malta;p. Thünen-Institute of Sea Fisheries, Hamburg, Germany;q. Institute of Oceanology – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria;1. Department of Social Science, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden;1. Quantitative Marine Science Program, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), Hobart, Tasmania, Australia;2. CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Australia;3. Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Australia;4. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Australia;5. Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile;6. Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile;7. Núcleo Milenio INVASAL, Concepción, Chile;8. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, 605 West 4th, Suite 306, Anchorage, AK 99501, USA |
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| Abstract: | Proactive ecosystem-based management represents a turning point in ocean management, because it formally recognizes the need to balance the potentially competing uses of the ocean, including aquaculture, energy production, conservation, fishing, and recreation. A significant challenge in implementing this balancing act arises from explicitly incorporating conservation in a decision-making framework that embraces assessments of trade-offs between benefits from conservation and conventional commercial uses of marine resources. An economic efficiency-based framework for evaluating trade-offs is utilized, and, for illustration, applied to assess the relative benefits and costs of conservation actions for the endangered western stock of the Steller Sea Lion (wSSL) in Alaska, USA. The example highlights many scientific and political challenges of using empirical estimates of the benefits and costs to evaluate conservation actions in the decision process, particularly given the public's large conservation values for the wSSL. The example also highlights the need to engage in stakeholder discussions on how to incorporate conservation into ecosystem-based management, and more specifically, coastal and marine spatial planning (CMSP). Without explicit consideration of these issues, it is unclear whether CMSP will better conserve and utilize ocean resources than the status quo. |
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