Climatic and anthropogenic factors affecting river discharge to the global ocean, 1951–2000 |
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| Authors: | JD Milliman KL Farnsworth PD Jones KH Xu LC Smith |
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| Institution: | aSchool of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA;bU.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Science Center, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, 400 Natural Bridges Drive, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA;cClimatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK;dDepartment of Geography, 1255 Bunche Hall, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA |
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| Abstract: | During the last half of the 20th century, cumulative annual discharge from 137 representative rivers (watershed areas ranging from 0.3 to 6300 × 103 km2) to the global ocean remained constant, although annual discharge from about one-third of these rivers changed by more than 30%. Discharge trends for many rivers reflected mostly changes in precipitation, primarily in response to short- and longer-term atmospheric–oceanic signals; with the notable exception of the Parana, Mississippi, Niger and Cunene rivers, few of these “normal" rivers experienced significant changes in either discharge or precipitation. Cumulative discharge from many mid-latitude rivers, in contrast, decreased by 60%, reflecting in large part impacts due to damming, irrigation and interbasin water transfers. A number of high-latitude and high-altitude rivers experienced increased discharge despite generally declining precipitation. Poorly constrained meteorological and hydrological data do not seem to explain fully these “excess” rivers; changed seasonality in discharge, decreased storage and/or decreased evapotranspiration also may play important roles. |
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| Keywords: | global river discharge precipitation irrigation Arctic evapotranspiration dams |
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