Heretical views on mountain building in Europe and North America: Harbingers of modern tectonics |
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Authors: | Prof Dr John Haller |
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Institution: | (1) Present address: Department of Geological Sciences, Harvard University, 24 Oxford Street, 02138 Cambridge, Mass., USA |
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Abstract: | Since Hutton's doctrine of internal dynamics, geologists have striven to find a rationale for the forces that engender mountain ranges. The 19th century vogue in geological opinion came to a consensus of thermal contraction, and ana priori assumption of shrinking of the globe. Outcrop relations were interpreted accordingly. But leading geologists on both sides of the Atlantic soon observed structures not accounted for by the prevailing hypothesis. The Alpine school of mobilism introduced tectonic polarity (Suess, 1875), nappes (Bertrand, 1884), thrust plates (Termier, 1903) and reached its climax with Argand's visionary perception of crustal flux, of closing ocean basins, and of colliding continents. While the nappe theory was being debated in Europe, another controversy with respect to mountain building surfaced in the American West: the derivation of the Basin Ranges (Gilbert, 1876). Just as the early proponents of large-scale crustal shortening felt that they must dissent from established views, so their contemporaries in America paradoxically discovered still another reason for mountain building, namely, that of crustal extension (Russel, 1884;Le Conte, 1889).
Zusammenfassung ObwohlHutton (1795) die endogene Herkunft der gebirgsbildenden Kräfte bereits erkannt hatte, sind die physikalischen Grundlagen der Orogenese bis heute nicht abgeklärt worden. Im letzten Jahrhundert waren sich die Forscher zwar einig, daß thermale Erdschrumpfung den Faltenschub bewirke; und entsprechende Querschnitte durch die Faltengebirge sind denn auch zu wissenschaftlichem Allgemeingut geworden. Der bekannteste Fall ist wohl die Glarner Doppelfalte in den Zentralpen (Heim, 1878). Im Gefolge fortschreitender Geländeaufnahmen in den Gebirgen Europas und Nordamerikas erschien das Kontraktionsmodell der Orogenese allerdings stets fragwürdiger. Die Alpengeologen insbesondere verwiesen auf die paläogeographische Konsequenz der einseitigen tektonischen Verfrachtung (Suess, 1875), der Gleitdecken (Bertrand, 1884;Schardt, 1893) und Schubdecken (Termier, 1903). Die neue Anschauung über mobile Orogentektonik fand ihren Niederschlag in Argands meisterhaftem Vortrag über den Bau Asiens am Internationalen Geologen Kongreß 1922 (Argand, 1924).Gleichzeitig mit der Zuspitzung der Diskussion über die Deckentheorie der Alpen, spielte sich auch in Nordamerika eine Kontroverse ab. Auch hier drehte sich die Frage um die Entstehung der Gebirge. Zwar ging es nicht um die üblichen Faltengebirge, sondern um den neuen Typ des Blockgebirges, der im Großen Becken der westlichen Vereinigten Staaten als Basin Ranges (Gilbert, 1876) bekannt wurde. Während die Alpengeologen tektonische Schübe von bisher ungeahnter Größe entdeckten und damit weit mehr Verkürzung der Kruste als die Lehrmeinung wahr haben wollte, hatten es die Erforscher des amerikanischen Westens noch schwieriger, da das Blockgebirge des Großen Beckens offensichtlich durch Ausweitung der Kruste entstanden war (Russell, 1884;Le Conte, 1889). So haben in der alten und der neuen Welt gerade diese, der Lehrmeinung abtrünnigen Ansichten, dem heutigen geotektonischen Denken zum Durchbrach verholfen.
Résumé Bien que Hutton (1795) ait reconnu la dynamique endogène des phénomènes géologiques, leurs fondements physiques ne sont pas, quant à présent, encore clarifiés. L'opinion en voque au 19ème siècle était en faveur de la contraction thermique comme déterminante de la poussée tectonique. Les profils transversaux dans les chaînes plissées devinrent alors de représentation courante. Tel est la cas bien connu du «Double-pli» de Glaris dans les Alpes centrales (Heim, 1878). Mais des géologues des deux côtés de l'Atlantique observèrent bientôt des structures ne concordant pas avec le modèle de la contraction dans l'orogenèse. L'école mobiliste alpine établit les concepts de la polarité tectonique (Suess, 1875), celui des nappes (Bertrand, 1884), celui des grands charriages (Termier, 1903). La nouvelle conception sur le tectogenèse atteignit son apogée avec la conférence magistrale d'Argand sur la Structure de l'Asie au Congrès géologique international de 1922. (Argand, 1924). — Pendant que la théorie des nappes était en pleine discussion en Europe, une autre controverse sur l'orogenèse se développait dans l'Ouest américain: les problèmes des «Basin Ranges» (Gilbert, 1876). De même que les premiers partisans du rétrécissement à grande échelle de l'écorce terrestre durent s'écarter des points de vue établis, leurs contemporains des Etats-Unis découvrirent paradoxalement une autre cause du soulèvement des chaînes de montagnes: l'extension de l'écorce terrestre (Russel, 1884;Le Conte, 1889).
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![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![Acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1040.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1100.gif) (Heim, 1878). ![Pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1055.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1099.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1099.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1099.gif) ![khcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1093.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![bcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1073.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![IEcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1045.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1057.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![Acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1040.gif) ![mcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1079.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![zhcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1078.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zhcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1078.gif) ![ucy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1091.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![zhcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1078.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![mcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1091.gif) ![chcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yacy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1103.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![yacy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1103.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1099.gif) ![mcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1084.gif) . ![Gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1043.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) , ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![bcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1102.gif) ![shchcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1097.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![Acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1040.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1100.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) , ![bcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![shchcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1097.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1102.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![fcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1092.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1079.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1079.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1099.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) (Suess, 1875; Bertrand, 1884; Schardt, 1893; Termier, 1903). ![Ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1053.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![zcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1079.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yacy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1103.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zhcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1078.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![shcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1096.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zhcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1078.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![chcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![Acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1040.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![Acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1040.gif) ![zcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1079.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) , ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![Mcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1052.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zhcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1078.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ucy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1091.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![Gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1043.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![Kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1050.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) 1922 (![Acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1040.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) , 1924): ![Ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1054.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ucy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![Acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1040.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ucy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![khcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1093.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zhcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1078.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![Acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1040.gif) ![mcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) . ![KHcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1061.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![zcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1079.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![chcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ycy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1099.gif) ![chcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1099.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![chcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ycy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1099.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) , ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ycy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1099.gif) ![bcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1100.gif) ![shcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1096.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![bcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1073.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![jcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1081.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![zcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![Scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1057.gif) ![SHcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1064.gif) , ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1079.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) , ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) Basin Ranges (Gilbert, 1876). ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1084.gif) , ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![Acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1040.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ucy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zhcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1078.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1079.gif) ![mcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) , . . ![ucy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1091.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![chcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) , ![zcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![chcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1099.gif) ![shcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1096.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1102.gif) ![shchcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1097.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![chcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1099.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1099.gif) , ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![Zcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1047.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![shchcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1097.gif) ![bcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1091.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zhcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1078.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) , . . ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ycy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1099.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1099.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![Vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1042.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![Bcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1041.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![jcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1081.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ucy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1091.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1100.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![shcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1096.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) (Russel, 1884; Le Conte, 1889). . ., ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![Ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1053.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) , ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![Scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1057.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![yacy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1103.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ycy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1099.gif) ![mcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1084.gif) ![gcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1075.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1084.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1073.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ucy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1091.gif) ![yucy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1102.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![jcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1081.gif) ![shcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1096.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1084.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1079.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1099.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) , ![pcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1089.gif) ![khcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1093.gif) ![ocy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1076.gif) ![yacy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1103.gif) ![shchcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1097.gif) ![icy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1072.gif) ![shcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1096.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![Zcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1047.gif) ![iecy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1084.gif) ![lcy](/content/v018554521665003/xxlarge1083.gif) .
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本文献已被 SpringerLink 等数据库收录! |
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