Wind control on the accumulation of heavy metals in sediment of Lake Ulubat,Anatolia, Turkey |
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| Authors: | N Kazanc? S A G Leroy S Öncel Ö ?leri Ö Toprak P Costa S Say?l? C Turgut M Kibar |
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| Institution: | (1) Department of Geological Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey;(2) Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, West London, UB8 3PH, UK;(3) Gebze Institute of Technology, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey;(4) General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, 06520 Ankara, Turkey;(5) Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Sciences, Ankara University, 06100 Dışkapı-Ankara, Turkey;(6) Present address: Departamento de Geologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal |
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| Abstract: | Freshwater Lake Ulubat (z
mean = 1.5–2.0 m and Area = ~138 km2), NW Anatolia, Turkey was filled in by fine-to-medium-grain silts during the late Holocene. Deposition in Lake Ulubat has
been 1.6 cm year−1 for the last 50 years, but the sedimentation rate over the last ~1,600 years was lower (0.37 mm year−1). The organic matter and carbonate contents of the infill show cyclic changes that reflect environmental fluctuations. The
silt-dominated lithology and the vertically uniform heavy metal distributions are probably due to wind-controlled sedimentation
in the lake. Heterogeneous mud, derived from a large, mountainous drainage basin, is deposited in the lake mostly during summer,
June to October, when conditions are hot and calm. Winter months are stormier and sediments are re-suspended due to the shallow
water depth and the effect of waves on the lake bottom. It is likely that re-suspended sediments, particularly fine-grained
particles, together with the heavy metals, are transported out of the lake via the outlet, especially during periods of high
lake level. This resuspension and removal process probably caused the lake sediments to become silt-dominated and depleted
in heavy metals. The role of broad shallow lakes in sequestering sediments and heavy metals can be described more accurately
when wind data are considered. Such information may also be helpful for land-use planning in downstream areas. |
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