A systematic approach towards the identification and protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute for Advanced Studies in Sustainability, Berliner Str. 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany; (formerly, Marine Conservation Institute, 122 C Street NW, Washington, DC 20001, USA);2. National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington 6021, New Zealand;3. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, 18 Marcus Clarke Street, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (formerly, Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand);4. U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Fisheries Service, Office of Habitat Conservation, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA;5. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538 Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;6. University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA;7. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA;8. Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand; (formerly, National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand);1. University of Tromsø, Norway;2. Socio-Economic Marine Research Unit (SEMRU), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland;3. University of Otago, New Zealand;4. National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland;1. Marine Biology & Ecology Research Centre, Marine Institute, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK;2. Centre for the Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK;1. Sargasso Sea Alliance, Suite 300, 1630 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA;2. Seascape Consultants Ltd., Belbins Valley, Belbins, Romsey, Hampshire SO51 0PE, United Kingdom;3. Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies e.V., Berliner Strasse 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany;1. Institute for Sustainable Development and International relations (IDDRI), 27 rue Saint-Guillaume, 75337 Paris Cedex 07, France;2. Currently Commonwealth Secretariat, Previously Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS);3. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN);4. Globelaw;1. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;2. School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, David Turpin Building, Room B250, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3R4;3. Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, 120 Oceanview Blvd, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA;4. Marine Conservation Institute, 4010 Stone Way N, Suite 210, Seattle, WA 98103, USA;5. Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA;6. CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;7. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;8. Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Berliner Str. 30, 14467 Potsdam, Germany;9. IUCN Global Marine and Polar Programme and World Commission on Protected Areas, 105 Irving Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;10. The Nature Conservancy, Conservation Science, West End, QLD 4101, Australia;11. Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John''s, NL, Canada A1B 3X9;12. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 212 EME (IRD/Ifremer/Univ. Montpellier II), Avenue Jean Monnet, 34203 Sète cedex, France |
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| Abstract: | The United Nations General Assembly in 2006 and 2009 adopted resolutions that call for the identification and protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) from significant adverse impacts of bottom fishing. While general criteria have been produced, there are no guidelines or protocols that elaborate on the process from initial identification through to the protection of VMEs. Here, based upon an expert review of existing practices, a 10-step framework is proposed: (1) Comparatively assess potential VME indicator taxa and habitats in a region; (2) determine VME thresholds; (3) consider areas already known for their ecological importance; (4) compile information on the distributions of likely VME taxa and habitats, as well as related environmental data; (5) develop predictive distribution models for VME indicator taxa and habitats; (6) compile known or likely fishing impacts; (7) produce a predicted VME naturalness distribution (areas of low cumulative impacts); (8) identify areas of higher value to user groups; (9) conduct management strategy evaluations to produce trade-off scenarios; (10) review and re-iterate, until spatial management scenarios are developed that fulfil international obligations and regional conservation and management objectives. To date, regional progress has been piecemeal and incremental. The proposed 10-step framework combines these various experiences into a systematic approach. |
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| Keywords: | High seas Vulnerable marine ecosystems Systematic conservation planning ABNJ VME RFMO |
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