Offshore wind farm impacts on surface waves and circulation in Eastern Lake Ontario |
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| Institution: | 1. Centre for Harbours and Coastal Studies CEDEX, C/Antonio Lopez 81, 28026 Madrid, Spain;2. Technical University of Madrid, C/Profesor Aranguren S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain;1. Deltares, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands;2. Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Hydraulic Engineering Section, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands;1. Forschungszentrum Küste, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Merkurstraße 11, 30419 Hannover, Germany;2. Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600-036, India;3. Leichtweiß-Institute for Hydraulic Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 51A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering & Integrated Research Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | A coupled wave and hydrodynamic model was applied to the Kingston Basin of eastern Lake Ontario, a region with bathymetric variability due to channels and shoals, to assess the potential impacts on surface waves and wind-driven circulation of an offshore wind farm. The model was used to simulate a series of storm events with time-varying wind forcing and validated against wave, current and water level observations. The wind farm was simulated by adding semi-permeable structures in the surface wave model to represent the turbine monopiles, and by adding an energy loss term to the fluid momentum equations in the hydrodynamic model to represent the added drag of the monopiles on the flow. The results suggest that the wind farm would have a small influence on waves and circulation throughout the wind farm area, with spatial variability due to focussing of wave energy and re-direction of the flow. Overall, the results indicate that the wave height in coastal areas will be minimally affected with changes in significant wave height predicted to be < 3%. Larger changes to the strength of circulation occur inside the wind farm region with localized changes in current magnitude of up to 8 cm s? 1. The results of this study may help to understand the impacts of future offshore wind farms and other offshore structures in the Great Lakes. |
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