Effect of environmental heterogeneity on field germination of Opuntia tomentosa (Cactaceae,Opuntioideae) seeds |
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| Authors: | Y Olvera-Carrillo I Méndez ME Sánchez-Coronado J Márquez-Guzmán VL Barradas P Huante A Orozco-Segovia |
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| Institution: | 1. Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 D.F., México;2. Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 20-726, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 D.F., México;3. Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 D.F., México;1. Fenomenos Nonlineales y Mecánica (FENOMEC), Department of Mathematics and Mechanics, Instituto de Investigacion en Matemáticas Aplicadas y Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 01000 México D.F., Mexico;2. School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia;3. School of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, Scotland, UK;1. Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, UNAM, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8711, Morelia, Michoacán 58190, Mexico;2. UBIPRO, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Avenida de los Baños No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México 54090, Mexico;1. Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Ecology & Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Western Arid Region Grassland Resources and Ecology, College of Grassland and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urümqi 830052, China;2. Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;3. Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;4. State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urümqi 830011, China;1. Universidad de Ciencias Informáticas, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Boyeros CP 19370, Cuba;2. Facultad de Matemática y Computación, Universidad de La Habana, San Lázaro y L, Vedado CP 10400, Cuba;3. Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Matemática e Estatística, Instituto de Física e Matemática, Caixa Postal 354, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;4. Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autńoma de México, Delegación Álvaro Obregón, Apartado Postal 20-726, 01000 México, D.F., Mexico;1. Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, D.F., Mexico;2. Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana. Interior de la Ex hacienda de Lucas Martín, Xalapa C. P. 91010, Veracruz, Mexico |
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| Abstract: | We studied in Opuntia tomentosa the effect of plant shade (orientation and distance), and the place where the seeds remained before germination. Seeds were collected in 1998 and a) sown immediately on soil (non-buried seeds), b) stored in the laboratory and sown on soil during the 1999 rainy season (control) or c) buried after collection (under the shade of a tree, a rock and in an open space), exhumed 7 months later and sown in 1999 (exhumed seeds). Seeds were sown under or outside the shade of several trees; or on the northern, eastern and western sides of a 14-m-tall tree. In 1999, germination was high in all samples, but the control seeds had delayed germination. After two rainy seasons, non-buried seeds had the lowest germination rate. Germination was not affected by the distance from the tree. Outside of the plant's shade, germination was low. Germination was affected more by the environmental heterogeneity than by the individual plant shade. Germination probabilities were the highest at 16–19 °C; field germination was zero at 20.6 °C. Seed polymorphism and microenvironmental heterogeneity spread germination across two rainy seasons creating a permanent seed bank. |
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