Isotopic provenancing of Pb in Mitrovica,northern Kosovo: Source identification of chronic Pb enrichment in soils,house dust and scalp hair |
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| Institution: | 1. Centre for Coastal and Catchment Research, River Basin Dynamics and Hydrology Research Group, Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DB, UK;2. School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL55 1YW, UK;3. Innovative River Solutions, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand;1. CT-scanner Facility, Central Analytical Facilities, Stellenbosch University, South Africa;2. Department of Earth Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa;3. Department of Soil Science, Stellenbosch University, South Africa;1. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada;2. National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M9, Canada;1. UMR 8148 GEOPS, Univ. Paris Sud – CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Cedex, France;2. UnB, IG/GMP-ICC Centro, Campus Universitario Darcy Ribeiro, 70910-970, Brasilia-DF, Brazil/Laboratoire Mixte International, LMI OCE « Observatoire des Changements Environnementaux », Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia, Brazil;3. Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic;4. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ. Paris Diderot, UMR 7154 CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France;5. IFREMER, Centre de Brest, Unité Géosciences Marines, 29280, Plouzané, France;1. Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (EA 4508), UPEM, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France;2. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, UMR 7154 CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France;3. UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | Mitrovica, northern Kosovo, is the site of some of the highest Pb concentrations reported in human populations; exemplified by Pb concentrations in scalp hair of up to 130 μg g?1 and widely-publicized of Pb-related ill-health and mortality amongst internally displaced populations. High human Pb burdens are accompanied by elevated concentrations of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in soils and house dust within the city, which has a long history of mining and metallurgy. In this study enrichment-levels for PHEs in soils are quantified and compared to environmental quality guidelines and a statistically-derived estimation of background concentration. In addition, Pb isotopes (207Pb/206Pb, 208Pb/206Pb) are used to characterise the isotopic signatures of potential point sources of Pb and a mixing model employed to quantify the contribution of sources to Pb present in soils, house dust, and the scalp hair of children and young people. Pb isotopic evidence suggests that Pb in surface soils and house-dust is predominantly sourced from historical deposition of Pb-containing aerosols from metal smelting, with lower contributions from wind-blown dispersal of metalliferous waste. Pb present in scalp hair is interpreted as the result of non-occupational exposure and the ingestion and/or inhalation of Pb-enriched surface soil and house dust. This study represents one of the very few instances where this type of geochemical tracing technique has been successfully applied to definitively identify the source of Pb present within biological samples. The results of this study are of particular relevance to environmental management and highlight the human health risk posed by the legacy of now inactive mining and metallurgy in addition to the challenge posed in mitigating the risk posed by diffuse soil pollution. |
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| Keywords: | Lead isotopes Mixing model Metals Soil Scalp hair |
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