Measurement of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum above 1016 eV with the LOFAR Radboud Air Shower Array |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands;2. Astrophysical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium;3. NIKHEF, Science Park Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands;4. Netherlands Institute of Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Postbus 2, Dwingeloo 7990 AA, The Netherlands;5. Now at: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA;6. KVI-CART, University Groningen, P.O. Box 72, Groningen 9700 AB, The Netherlands;7. Interuniversity Institute for High-Energy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium;1. Gran Sasso Science Institute, viale Francesco Crispi, 7 L’Aquila 67100 (AQ), Italy;2. Institute for Space Sciences (CSIC/IEEC), Barcelona E-08193, Spain;3. Dublin Institute of Advanced Studies, 10 Burlington Road, Dublin 4, Ireland;4. Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany;1. Institute for Nuclear Research, 60th October Anniversary pr. 7A, Moscow 117312, Russia;2. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia;3. Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk 664003, Russia;4. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics MSU, Moscow 119991, Russia;5. Nizhni Novgorod State Technical University, Nizhni Novgorod 603950, Russia;6. St. Petersburg State Marine University, St. Petersburg 190008, Russia;7. EvoLogics GmbH, Berlin, Germany;1. Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rodovia José Aurélio Vilela, 11999, Cidade Universitária, CEP 37715-400, Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil;2. Escola de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, s/n, CEP 59072-970, Natal, Brazil;1. Department of Physics, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India;2. Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500 032, India;1. Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Dr. Bento Teobaldo Ferraz 271, 01140-070 São Paulo, SP, Brazil;2. Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, United States |
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| Abstract: | The energy reconstruction of extensive air showers measured with the LOFAR Radboud Air Shower Array (LORA) is presented in detail. LORA is a particle detector array located in the center of the LOFAR radio telescope in the Netherlands. The aim of this work is to provide an accurate and independent energy measurement for the air showers measured through their radio signal with the LOFAR antennas. The energy reconstruction is performed using a parameterized relation between the measured shower size and the cosmic-ray energy obtained from air shower simulations. In order to illustrate the capabilities of LORA, the all-particle cosmic-ray energy spectrum has been reconstructed, assuming that cosmic rays are composed only of protons or iron nuclei in the energy range between ～2 × 1016 and 2 × 1018 eV. The results are compatible with literature values and a changing mass composition in the transition region from a Galactic to an extragalactic origin of cosmic rays. |
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