An evaluation of crowdsourced information for assessing the visitation and perceived importance of protected areas |
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| Institution: | 1. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA;2. CSRA, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA;1. Department of Urban & Regional Planning, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA;2. Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA;3. Urban Systems Lab, The New School, New York City, NY, USA;4. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, USA;5. Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;6. School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA;7. Department of Geography and the Environment, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA |
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| Abstract: | Parks and protected areas provide a wide range of benefits, but methods to evaluate their importance to society are often ad hoc and limited. In this study, the quality of crowdsourced information from Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) and Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) sources (Flickr, OpenStreetMap (OSM), and Wikipedia) was compared with visitor counts that are presumed to reflect social importance. Using the state of Victoria, Australia as a case study, secondary crowdsourced VGI data, primary crowdsourced (PPGIS data) and visitor statistics were examined for their correspondence and differences, and to identify spatial patterns in park popularity. Data completeness—the percent of protected areas with data—varied between sources, being highest for OSM (90%), followed by Flickr (41%), PPGIS (24%), visitation counts (5%), and Wikipedia articles (4%). Statistically significant correlations were found between all five measures of popularity for protected areas. Using stepwise multiple linear regression, the explained variability in visitor numbers was greater than 70%, with PPGIS, Flickr and OSM having the largest standardized coefficients. The social importance of protected areas varied as a function of accessibility and the types of values (direct or indirect use) expressed for the areas. Crowdsourced data may provide an alternative to visitor counts for assessing protected area social importance and spatial variability of visitation. However, crowdsourced data appears to be an unreliable proxy for the full range of values and importance of protected areas, especially for non-use values such as biological conservation. |
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| Keywords: | Flickr OpenStreetMap Place values Public participation GIS (PPGIS) Volunteered geographic information (VGI) Wikipedia |
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