Assessment of ski condition reliability in the Spanish and Andorran Pyrenees for the second half of the 20th century |
| |
| Institution: | 1. Universidad San Jorge, Autovía A-23 Zaragoza-Huesca km 299, Zaragoza, Spain;2. Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, CSIC, Zaragoza, Avenida de Montañana, 1005, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain;3. Instituto Geográfico de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Paseo María Agustín, 36, Edificio Pignatelli, 3a planta, puerta 14, 50071, Zaragoza, Spain;4. Department of Physics, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain;1. University of Rhode Island, Marine Affairs, Coastal Institute, 1 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, United States;2. Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States;1. Institute of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, Department of Environment and Society, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA;2. Department of Kinesiology, Recreation and Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA;3. Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;4. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;5. Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;1. Grumets Research Group, Dep Geografia, Edifici B, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain;2. Grumets Research Group, Dep Biologia Animal, Vegetal i Ecologia, Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain;3. Grumets Research Group, CREAF, Campus UAB, Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Catalonia, Spain;1. College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom;2. Keep Britain Tidy, Elizabeth House, The Pier, Wigan, WN3 4EX, United Kingdom;3. Environment Service, Pydar House, Room 4A, Truro, Cornwall TR1 1XU, United Kingdom |
| |
| Abstract: | In this study temporal trends of 14 climate and snow parameters related to ski conditions were analyzed for 11 ski stations located in the central Pyrenees (Spain and Andorra). We also investigated whether there was a temporal association for the analyzed parameters, such that the occurrence in a particular year of good (or bad) climate or snow conditions as represented by one parameter was similarly reflected by the other parameters. The lack of reliable climate and snow measurements was overcome by the use of simulated climate data retrieved from a high resolution hindcast simulation available for the period 1960–2006. These data were also used as inputs for an energy and mass snow energy model to obtain snow series. The results showed trends in ski reliability parameters for the 1960–2006 period. The number of days having a snowpack deeper than 30 cm and 100 cm showed declines at low and mid altitudes. The start of the ski season appears progressively delayed for all stations, and the ski season shortened. The frequency of rainy days increased at 3 stations and decreased at 8, while the frequency of days having heavy snowfall increased at 8 stations and declined at 3. Days having potential for snowmaking declined at all stations. The number of days having a wind-chill < −20 °C also decreased markedly, as overall did the number of days having a wind speed greater than 80th percentile. The main findings from the assessment of temporal associations between climate and snow parameters were positive correlations between snow depth and windy conditions. Seasons having a higher frequency of very cold days had a lower frequency of heavy snowfall and rainy days. Thus, the adverse effects on the ski industry of lesser snow availability may have been partially negated by the occurrence of fewer days of closure because of high winds, or other adverse meteorological factors. |
| |
| Keywords: | Climate and snow trends Ski reliability MM5 data Pyrenees Ski tourism Temporal concurrence |
| 本文献已被 ScienceDirect 等数据库收录！ |
|
