Canopy structure metrics governing stemflow funnelling differ between leafed and leafless states: Insights from a large-scale rainfall simulator |
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| Authors: | Shin'ichi Iida Kathryn I Wheeler Kazuki Nanko Yoshinori Shinohara Xinchao Sun Naoki Sakai Delphis F Levia |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Disaster Prevention, Meteorology and Hydrology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan;2. Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;3. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan;4. Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China;5. Storm, Flood and Landslide Research Division, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan;6. Departments of Geography and Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA |
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| Abstract: | An increasing number of studies have examined the effects of various biotic and abiotic factors on stemflow production. Of those that have ascribed the importance of canopy structure to stemflow production, there has been a bias towards field studies. Coupling Bayesian inference with the NIED (National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Tsukuba, Japan) large-scale rainfall simulator, this study leveraged a unique opportunity to control rainfall amounts and intensities to pinpoint the canopy structural metrics that differentially influence stemflow funnelling ratios for three common tree species between leafed and leafless canopy states. For the first time, we examined whether canopy structure metrics exert a static control on stemflow funnelling ratios or whether different elements of canopy structure are more or less important under leafed or leafless states, thereby allowing us to determine if tacit assumptions about the static influence of canopy structure on stemflow production (and funnelling) are valid (or not). Rainfall simulations were conducted at 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 100 mm h?1 under both leafed and leafless tree conditions (12 simulations in total) to detect any differential effects on the presence or absence of foliage on stemflow funnelling ratios. For leafed conditions, the highest percentages of best-fitting models (ΔDIC ≤2) indicated that stemflow funnelling ratios were mainly controlled by total dry aboveground biomass (Ball), diameter at breast height (DBH), total dry foliar biomass (Bf), tree height (H), and woody to foliar dry biomass ratio (BR). Whilst for the leafless state, the highest percentages of best-fitting models (ΔDIC ≤2) indicated that total dry branch biomass (Bbr) was relatively dominant as was the interaction effects between crown projection area and species (CPA:species). These results compel us to reject any assumption of a static effect of different elements of canopy structure on stemflow funnelling. |
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| Keywords: | Bayesian inference canopy structure coniferous deciduous stemflow |
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