Longitudinal and temporal thermal patterns of the French Rh?ne River using Landsat ETM+ thermal infrared images |
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| Authors: | Vincent Wawrzyniak Hervé Piégay Alain Poirel |
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| Institution: | 1. University of Lyon, CNRS-UMR 5600 EVS, Site ENS de Lyon, Plateforme ISIG. 15, Parvis Ren?? Descartes, BP 7000, 69342, Lyon Cedex 07, France
2. EDF Division Technique G??n??rale, Service Environnement Aquatique. 21, avenue de l??Europe, BP 41, 38040, Grenoble Cedex, France
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| Abstract: | Understanding the thermal regime of rivers is a key issue for predicting ecosystem change in the context of global warming. However, water temperature is not only influenced by air temperature. To better highlight relative contribution of factors controlling water temperature, we used satellite thermal infrared (TIR) images from Landsat ETM+ to investigate longitudinal and temporal variations in thermal patterns of the French Rh?ne River. Because satellite TIR remote sensing is limited to large rivers, we used an automated water extraction technique to remove pixels contaminated by terrestrial surfaces. We calculated water surface temperatures of the 500?km long reach for 83 dates between 1999 and 2009. The average accuracy and uncertainty of our data, ±1.1 and ±0.4°C for reaches with more than 3?pixels across and ±1.4 and ±0.5°C for reaches with one to 3?pixels across, are comparable to other satellite TIR studies of rivers. Our results confirmed previous studies on the thermal impacts of tributaries and nuclear power plants on the Rh?ne, providing an understanding of their seasonal pattern and their longitudinal impact. We showed temperature differences of 0?C2°C within the largest hydroelectric bypass facilities between the bypass section and the canal, with Montélimar and Caderousse showing the most pronounced differences. Discussion points concern the potential impacts of tributaries and nuclear power plants on the spatio-temporal thermal patterns, as well as the factors responsible for thermal differences in the bypass facilities: length and minimum flow of the bypass section, and tributaries coming into this reach. |
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