Post-Marquette discharge from Glacial Lake Agassiz into the Superior basin |
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| Authors: | Jessica L Gary Steven M Colman Nigel J Wattrus C F M Lewis |
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| Institution: | (1) Large Lakes Observatory and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, USA;(2) Geological Survey of Canada—Atlantic, Natural Resources Canada, Dartmouth, NS, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Glacial Lake Agassiz, the largest of the North American glacial lakes, discharged through several different outlets during
its history, although the timing and location of discharge remain controversial. However, one discharge event is well established
based on extensive onshore observations: drainage through the Nipigon Lake area into the Superior basin about 10,700 years
ago, following retreat of ice of the Marquette advance from the basin. High-resolution, single-channel seismic-reflection
data collected with a small airgun were acquired to test the hypothesis that the Post-Marquette drainage event left diagnostic
stratigraphic and geomorphic signatures beneath Lake Superior. The unique bathymetry of northwestern Lake Superior, where
water depth plunges off Nipigon and Black Bays, makes this location ideal for the characterization of the post-Marquette depositional
and erosional features. According to our hypothesis, the initial, sudden discharge of high-velocity water would have eroded
channels through the bays. The steep and sudden drop-off into the Superior basin would have caused the flow to slow and drop
much of the sediment it was carrying. Our results confirm the existence of both erosional features and depositional sediment
packages related to Lake Agassiz discharge at this time. The erosional features include deeply incised bedrock channels in
the bays. The depositional features comprise subaqueous fans that are thickest in the deep water areas adjacent to the outlets
and thin lakeward and laterally away from the channels. The seismic character of the basal units of the fans, proximal to
the channels, is chaotic and only very weakly stratified, suggesting that these deposits represent coarse sediment laid down
during the initial, high-energy stages of the flood. These sediments are overlain by a stratified package which is interpreted
as the fine grained sediment associated with the later, low-energy stages of the flood. The combination of channels and subaqueous
fans is inferred to be diagnostic of high-energy Lake Agassiz discharge into the Superior basin, and they serve as analogs
for hypothesized discharge at other times. |
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