Experimental simulations of gas-driven eruptions: kinetics of bubble growth and effect of geometry |
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| Authors: | Youxue Zhang |
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| Institution: | (1) Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–1063, USA Fax: +1(734) 763 4690 e-mail: youxue@umich.edu, US |
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| Abstract: | Simulated gas-driven eruptions using CO2–water-polymer systems are reported. Eruptions are initiated by rapidly decompressing CO2–saturated water containing up to 1.0 wt.% CO2. Both cylindrical test cells and a flask test cell were used to examine the effect of magma chamber/conduit geometry on eruption
dynamics. Bubble-growth kinetics are examined quantitatively in experiments using cylindrical test cells. Uninhibited bubble
growth can be roughly expressed as dr/dt≈λD(β-1)/(γt
1/3) for a CO2–water-polymer system at 0–22 °C and with viscosities up to 5 Pa·s, where r is the radius of bubbles, λ and D are the Ostwald solubility coefficient and diffusivity of the gas in the liquid, β is the degree of saturation (decompression
ratio), and γ characterizes how the boundary layer thickness increases with time and is roughly 1.0×10–5 m/s1/3 in this system. Unlike the radius of cylindrical test cells, which does not affect the eruption threshold and dynamics, the
shape of the test cells (flask vs cylindrical) affects the dynamics but not the threshold of eruptions. For cylindrical test
cells, the front motion is characterized by constant acceleration with both Δh (the height increase) and ΔV (the volume increase) being proportional to t
2; for the flask test cell, however, neither Δh nor ΔV is proportional to t
2 as the conduit radius varies. Test-cell geometry also affects foam stability. In the flask test cell, as it moves from the
wider base chamber into the narrower conduit, the bubbly flow becomes fragmented, affecting the eruption dynamics. The fragmentation
may be caused by a sudden increase in acceleration induced by conduit-shape change, or by the presence of obstacles to the
bubbly flow. This result may help explain the range in vesicularities of pumice and reticulite.
Received: 16 May 1997 / Accepted: 11 October 1997 |
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| Keywords: | Gas-driven eruptions Explosive volcanism Limnic eruptions Pumice Experimental volcanology Bubble growth Vesicularity |
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