Global climate perturbations during the Permo-Triassic mass extinctions recorded by continental tetrapods from South Africa |
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| Institution: | 1. CNRS UMR 5276, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 2, Rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France;2. Centre de Recherches Pétrologiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), UMR CNRS 7358, Vandoeuvre les Nancy 54501 France;3. Evolutionary Studies Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P. Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa;4. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France;5. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 2 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France;6. Iziko South African Museum of Cape Town, P.O. Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa;1. Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile;2. Advanced Mining Technology Centre (AMTC), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile;1. CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences and Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China;2. School of Earth Sciences & Key Laboratory of Western China''s Mineral Resources of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;3. MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China;4. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;4. GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;5. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;6. Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC-121, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA;7. Key Laboratory of Economic Stratigraphy and Palaeogeography, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;8. Department of Invertebrate Palaeontology, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China |
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| Abstract: | Several studies of the marine sedimentary record have documented the evolution of global climate during the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. By contrast, the continental records have been less exploited due to the scarcity of continuous sections from the latest Permian into the Early Triassic. The South African Karoo Basin exposes one of the most continuous geological successions of this time interval, thus offering the possibility to reconstruct climate variations in southern Laurasia from the Middle Permian to Middle Triassic interval. Both air temperature and humidity variations were estimated using stable oxygen (δ18Op) and carbon (δ13Cc) isotope compositions of vertebrate apatite. Significant fluctuations in both δ18Op and δ13Cc values mimic those of marine records and suggest that stable isotope compositions recorded in vertebrate apatite reflect global climate evolution. In terms of air temperature, oxygen isotopes show an abrupt increase of about + 8 °C toward the end of the Wuchiapingian. This occurred during a slight cooling trend from the Capitanian to the Permo-Triassic boundary (PTB). At the end of the Permian, an intense and fast warming of + 16 °C occurred and kept increasing during the Olenekian. These thermal fluctuations may be related to the Emeishan (South China) and Siberian volcanic paroxysms that took place at the end of the Capitanian and at the end of the Permian, respectively. Vertebrate apatite δ13Cc partly reflects the important fluctuations of the atmospheric δ13C values, the differences with marine curves being likely due to the evolution of local humidity. Both the oxygen and carbon isotope compositions indicate that the PTB was followed by a warm and arid phase that lasted 6 Ma before temperatures decreased, during the Late Anisian, toward that of the end-Permian. Environmental fluctuations occurring around the PTB that affected both continental and marine realms with similar magnitude likely originated from volcanism and methane release. |
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