Current–voltage relationship |
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| Institution: | 1. Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, 3 Avenue Circulaire, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium;2. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA;3. Center for Space Radiations, UCL, 2 Chemin du Cyclotron, B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium;1. Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;2. Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, 3 av. Circulaire, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium;3. Center for Atmospheric and space Sciences, Utah State University, 4405 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4405, USA;1. State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fiber and Polymer Materials, Polymer Department of Donghua University, 2999, N. Renmin Rd., Songjiang, 201620 Shanghai, PR China;2. School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Rd., Xi’an, 710069 Shaanxi, PR China;1. Department of Physics and Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Structures and Quantum Manipulation (Ministry of Education), Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China;2. School of Computer Science, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China;3. Department of Science, Nanchang Teachers College, Nanchang 330029, China;1. Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Via Gradenigo 6/B, 35131 Padua, Italy;2. Alberta Diabetes Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, 5-126A Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Potential drops accelerate ions and electrons along magnetic field lines and create currents flowing into and out of the ionosphere. Kinetic exospheric models similar to those developed for the polar wind have been used to determine the current density as a function of the electrostatic potential difference. In the upward current region of the auroral zone, the current–voltage relationship depends on the number density and temperature of the hot plasma of the plasmasheet and is quasi-linear for 100 V<V<10 kV.This linear relationship cannot be extrapolated to return current regions, where the current is carried by the ionospheric electrons. FAST observations have shown significant potential drops in the return current regions, suggesting there a contribution of an anomalous resistance to the current–voltage relationship. The goal of the present paper is to describe and summarize the features of the field-aligned currents and of the various forms of current–voltage relationships in magnetospheric physics as well as the successive historical steps between their discovery and first formulation in 1973 and their most recent sophisticated ones. |
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