A Monte Carlo template based analysis for air-Cherenkov arrays |
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| Institution: | 1. Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;3. Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;1. Department of Physics and Centre for Advanced Instrumentation, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom;2. Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada E-18008, Spain;3. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Delegación Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;4. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Libertador Bernardo O’ Higgins No 340, borough and city of Santiago, Chile;5. University of Geneva, Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, 24 rue du Général-Dufour, Genéve 4 1211, Switzerland;6. INFN Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila and Gran Sasso Science Institute, Via Vetoio 1, Viale Crispi 7, L’Aquila 67100, Italy;7. Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica, e Ciências Atmosféricas - Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, R. do Matão, 1226, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;8. LUTH and GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 5 place Jules Janssen, Meudon 92190, France;9. INAF - Osservatorio di astrofisica e scienza dello spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 101, Bologna 40129, Italy;10. INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi, Firenze 5 - 50125, Italy;11. INFN Sezione di Perugia, Via A. Pascoli, Perugia 06123, Italy;12. Universitá degli Studi di Perugia, Via A. Pascoli, Perugia 06123, Italy;13. INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via di Frascati 33, Monteporzio Catone 00040, Italy;14. INFN Sezione di Napoli, Via Cintia, ed. G, Napoli 80126, Italy;15. University of Oxford, Department of Physics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom;p. EMFTEL department and IPARCOS, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain;q. Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 72, Place Eugéne Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 5 F-34095, France;r. Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwa-no-ha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277–8582, Japan;s. School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia;t. ISDC Data Centre for Astrophysics, Observatory of Geneva, University of Geneva, Chemin d’Ecogia 16, Versoix CH-1290, Switzerland;u. INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, Milano 20121, Italy;v. RIKEN, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan;w. Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rua Xavier Sigaud 150, Rio de Janeiro RJ 22290-180, Brazil;x. INFN Sezione di Padova and Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, Padova 35131, Italy;y. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain;z. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Lehrstuhl IV: Weltraum- und Astrophysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany;11. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02180, USA;12. Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany;13. INFN Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, Torino 10125, Italy;14. Pidstryhach Institute for Applied Problems in Mechanics and Mathematics NASU, 3B Naukova Street, Lviv, 79060, Ukraine;15. Institut de Physique Nucléaire, IN2P3/CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, Orsay, Cedex, 91406, France;16. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;17. INFN Sezione di Bari and Politecnico di Bari, via Orabona 4, Bari 70124, Italy;18. Institut de Fisica d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain;19. Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Praha 8 182 21, Czech Republic;110. INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia, 78, Catania 95123, Italy;111. Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 GL Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, The Netherlands;112. INFN and Universitá degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente (DSFTA), Sezione di Fisica, Via Roma 56, Siena 53100, Italy;113. Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica, Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Universitat de Barcelona, IEEC-UB, Martí i Franquès, 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain;114. Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2531, South Africa;115. Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA;1p. Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, Dortmund 44221, Germany;1q. Astronomical Observatory, Department of Physics, University of Warsaw, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, Warsaw 00478, Poland;1r. Armagh Observatory and Planetarium, College Hill, Armagh BT61 9DG, United Kingdom;1s. Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;1t. INAF - Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo, Via U. La Malfa 153, Palermo 90146, Italy;1u. Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Núcleo de Astrofísica Teórica (NAT/UCS), Rua Galvão Bueno 8687, Bloco B, sala 16, Libertade 01506-000, Sã o Paulo, Brazil;1v. INAF - Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Milano, Via Bassini 15, Milano 20133, Italy;1w. INFN Sezione di Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, Pisa 56217, Italy;1x. The Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, Cracow 31–342, Poland;1y. INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Salita Moiariello 16, Napoli 80131, Italy;21. INFN Sezione di Trieste and Università degli Studi di Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, Udine 33100, Italy;22. AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France;23. University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa;24. Centre for Astrophysics & Relativity, School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland;25. CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, Madrid 28040, Spain;26. Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France;27. 163 Avenue de Luminy, Marseille cedex 09 13288, France;28. INAF - Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna 40129, Italy;29. Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory, Saupfercheckweg 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany;210. Universidade Federal Do Paraná - Setor Palotina, Departamento de Engenharias e Exatas, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Jardim Dallas, CEP: 85950-000 Palotina, Paraná, Brazil;211. Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique (UMR 7638, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay), Palaiseau 91128, France;212. Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Magrans s/n, Barcelona 08193, Spain;213. Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona 08034, Spain;214. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) Barcelona, Spain;2p. Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400 - CEP 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil;2q. INFN Sezione di Bari and Università degli Studi di Bari, via Orabona 4, Bari 70124, Italy;2r. Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, Tübingen 72076, Germany;2s. APC, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Obs de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France;2t. 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris Cedex 13 75205, France;2u. University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, Radmile Matejcic 2, Rijeka 51000, Croatia;2v. Institute for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Universität Würzburg, Campus Hubland Nord, Emil-Fischer-Str. 31, Würzburg 97074, Germany;2w. Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies, LPNHE, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris F-75005, France;2x. Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Bettio, 1000 São Paulo, CEP 03828-000, Brazil;2y. Astronomical Observatory of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 3 Observatorna Street, Kyiv, 04053, Ukraine;2z. Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;31. INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, Padova 35122, Italy;32. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Platanenallee 6, Zeuthen 15738, Germany;33. Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464–8602, Japan;34. GRAPPA, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, Amsterdam 904 1098 XH, The Netherlands;35. Instituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC and Departamento de Física Teórica, Campus Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/ Nicolás Cabrera 13–15, Campus de Cantoblanco UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain;36. INFN Sezione di Trieste and Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Valerio 2 I, Trieste 34127, Italy;37. Unitat de Física de les Radiacions, Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, E-08193, Spain;38. Edifici C3, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain;39. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory, Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanyan Brothers St., Yerevan 0036, Armenia;310. IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France;312. Academic Computer Centre CYFRONET AGH, ul. Nawojki 11, Cracow 30–950, Poland;313. Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, 1 University Road, Raanana 43537 POB 808, Israel;314. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Führinger Ring 6, München 80805, Germany;315. University of Liverpool, Oliver Lodge Laboratory, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom;3p. Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IN2P3, CENBG, UMR 5797, F-33175 Gradignan., 19 Chemin du Solarium, CS 10120, Gradignan Cedex F-33175, France;3q. Department of Physics, Konan University, Kobe, Hyogo, 658–8501, Japan;3r. Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;3s. Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK (High Energy Accelerator Research Organization), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, 305–0801, Japan;3t. Palacky University Olomouc, Faculty of Science, RCPTM, 17. listopadu 1192/12, Olomouc 771 46, Czech Republic;3u. Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Osijek 31000, Croatia;3v. ICTP-South American Institute for Fundamental Research - Instítuto de Física Teórica da UNESP, Rua Dr. Bento Teobaldo Ferraz 271, São Paulo 01140-070, Brazil;3w. INFN Sezione di Roma, Piazza Aldo Moro 5 I, Roma 00185, Italy;3x. Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, ul. prof. Stanisława Łojasiewicza 11, Kraków 30–348, Poland;3y. Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, Erlangen 91058, Germany;3z. Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, CNRS-INSU, Université Paul Sabatier, 9 avenue Colonel Roche, BP 44346, Toulouse Cedex 4 31028, France;41. University of Iowa, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Van Allen Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;42. Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Technikerstr. 25/8, Innsbruck 6020, Austria;43. Division of Physics and Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606–8502, Japan;44. Department of Physics, Tokai University, 4-1-1, Kita-Kaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259–1292, Japan;45. Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom;46. Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas - Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Santa Adélia, 166. Bairro Bangu. Santo André - SP - Brasil, CEP 09.210-170, Brazil;47. Tuorla Observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Piikkiő FI-21500, Finland;48. Department of Physics, Humboldt University Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, Berlin 12489, Germany;49. Escuela Politécnica Superior de Jaén, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, Edif. A3, Jaén 23071, Spain;410. Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700 064, India;411. Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 boul. Tsarigradsko chaussee, Sofia 1784, Bulgaria;412. University of Białystok, Faculty of Physics, ul. K. Ciołkowskiego 1L, Białystok 15–254, Poland;413. School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia;414. Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich 8057, Switzerland;415. Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan;4p. Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bartycka 18, Warsaw 00–716, Poland;4q. INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy;4r. INAF - Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (IAPS), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma 00133, Italy;4s. Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom;4t. Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Simo-Ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama city, Saitama 338–8570, Japan;4u. Faculty of Management Information, Yamanashi-Gakuin University, Kofu, Yamanashi 400–8575, Japan;4v. Department of Physics, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Yamagata 990–8560, Japan;4w. Charles University, Institute of Particle & Nuclear Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, Prague 8 180 00, Czech Republic;4x. Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464–8601, Japan;4y. Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770–8506, Japan;4z. School of Physics & Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0430, USA;51. Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, 414 rue de la Piscine, Domaine Universitaire, Grenoble Cedex 9 38041, France;52. LAPP, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS-IN2P3, Annecy 74000, France;53. 9 Chemin de Bellevue - BP 110, Annecy Cedex 74941, France;54. Institut für Physik & Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, Potsdam 14476, Germany;55. Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Linnaeus University, Växjö 351 95, Sweden;56. Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, Heidelberg 69117, Germany;57. University of Johannesburg, Department of Physics, University Road, Auckland Park 2006 PO Box 524, South Africa;58. School of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia;59. University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Gallalee Hall, Box 870324 Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0324, USA;510. National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand, 191 Huay Kaew Rd., Suthep, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand;511. Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bartycka 18A, Warsaw 00–716, Poland;512. The University of Manitoba, Dept of Physics and Astronomy, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada;513. Toruń Centre for Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Grudziądzka 5, Toruń 87–100, Poland;514. Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 11c, Ajdovščina 5270, Slovenia;515. University of Wisconsin, Madison, 500 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA;5p. INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, Pino Torinese (TO) 10025, Italy;5q. University of Hawai’i at Manoa, 2500 Campus Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA;5r. Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki, 310–8512, Japan;5s. University of Groningen, KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, Zernikelaan 25, Groningen 9747 AA, The Netherlands;5t. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0830, USA |
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| Abstract: | We present a high-performance event reconstruction algorithm: an Image Pixel-wise fit for Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (ImPACT). The reconstruction algorithm is based around the likelihood fitting of camera pixel amplitudes to an expected image template. A maximum likelihood fit is performed to find the best-fit shower parameters. A related reconstruction algorithm has already been shown to provide significant improvements over traditional reconstruction for both the CAT and H.E.S.S. experiments. We demonstrate a significant improvement to the template generation step of the procedure, by the use of a full Monte Carlo air shower simulation in combination with a ray-tracing optics simulation to more accurately model the expected camera images. This reconstruction step is combined with an MVA-based background rejection.Examples are shown of the performance of the ImPACT analysis on both simulated and measured (from a strong VHE source) gamma-ray data from the H.E.S.S. array, demonstrating an improvement in sensitivity of more than a factor two in observation time over traditional image moments-fitting methods, with comparable performance to previous likelihood fitting analyses. ImPACT is a particularly promising approach for future large arrays such as the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) due to its improved high-energy performance and suitability for arrays of mixed telescope types. |
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| Keywords: | Gamma-ray astronomy IACT Analysis technique Cherenkov technique |
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