Multilevel built environment features and individual odds of overweight and obesity in Utah |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Geography & Anthropology, Louisiana State University, USA;2. Department of Sociology, University of Utah, USA;3. School of Urban and Environmental Studies, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, Yunnan 650221, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;2. Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, National Chromatographic R.&A. Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116011, China;1. Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York;2. Division of Epidemiology, Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California;3. Department of Psychosocial and Community Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;4. Departments of Social Medicine, Medicine, and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;5. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, California;6. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona;7. Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York;8. Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;9. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan;10. Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;11. Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts;1. Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;2. Department of Medical Chemistry (Hebei Medical University), Shijiazhuang 050017, China;1. College of Chemistry and Material & College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China;2. Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children’s Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China;3. Fujian provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350002 People’s Republic of China |
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| Abstract: | Based on the data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) in 2007, 2009 and 2011 in Utah, this research uses multilevel modeling (MLM) to examine the associations between neighborhood built environments and individual odds of overweight and obesity after controlling for individual risk factors. The BRFSS data include information on 21,961 individuals geocoded to zip code areas. Individual variables include BMI (body mass index) and socio-demographic attributes such as age, gender, race, marital status, education attainment, employment status, and whether an individual smokes. Neighborhood built environment factors measured at both zip code and county levels include street connectivity, walk score, distance to parks, and food environment. Two additional neighborhood variables, namely the poverty rate and urbanicity, are also included as control variables. MLM results show that at the zip code level, poverty rate and distance to parks are significant and negative covariates of the odds of overweight and obesity; and at the county level, food environment is the sole significant factor with stronger fast food presence linked to higher odds of overweight and obesity. These findings suggest that obesity risk factors lie in multiple neighborhood levels and built environment features need to be defined at a neighborhood size relevant to residents' activity space. |
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| Keywords: | Obesity Built environment Multilevel modeling Zip code County Utah |
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